[논문]Rehabilitation of the Overhead Athlete’s Elbow

Wilk, Kevin E.; Macrina, Leonard C.; Cain, E. Lyle; Dugas, Jeffrey R.; Andrews, James R.

doi:10.1177/1941738112455006

Rehabilitation of the Overhead Athlete’s Elbow 원문보기

Sports health, v.4 no.5, 2012년, pp.404 - 414

Wilk, Kevin E. (Champion Sports Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama) , Macrina, Leonard C. (Champion Sports Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama) , Cain, E. Lyle (Andrews Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, Alabama) , Dugas, Jeffrey R. (Andrews Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, Alabama) , Andrews, James R. (Andrews Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, Alabama)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The activities required during overhead sports, particularly during baseball pitching, produce large forces at the elbow joint. Injuries to the elbow joint frequently occur in the overhead athlete because of the large amount of forces observed during the act of throwing, playing tennis, or playing golf. Injuries may result because of repetitive overuse, leading to tissue failure. Rehabilitation following injury or surgery to the throwing elbow is vital to fully restore normal function and return the athlete to competition as quickly and safely as possible. Rehabilitation of the elbow, whether following injury or postsurgical, must follow a progressive and sequential order, building on the previous phase, to ensure that healing tissues are not compromised. Emphasis is placed on restoring full motion, muscular strength, and neuromuscular control while gradually applying loads to healing tissue. In addition, when one is creating a rehabilitation plan for athletes, it is imperative to treat the entire upper extremity, core, and legs to create and dissipate the forces generated at each joint.

주제어

참고문헌 (104)

1. Akeson WH Amiel D Woo SL Immobility effects on synovial joints the pathomechanics of joint contracture . Biorheology . 1980 ; 17 ( 1-2 ): 95 - 110 7407354
2. Alfredson H Chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: an update on research and treatment . Clin Sports Med . 2003 ; 22 ( 4 ): 727 - 741 14560544

상세보기
3. Alfredson H Pietila T Jonsson P Lorentzon R Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis . Am J Sports Med . 1998 ; 26 ( 3 ): 360 - 366 9617396

상세보기
4. Anderson K Elbow arthritis and removal of loose bodies and spurs and techniques for restoration of motion . In: Altchek DW Andrews JR , eds. The Athlete’s Elbow . Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins ; 2001 : 219 - 230
5. Andrews JR Craven WM Lesions of the posterior compartment of the elbow . Clin Sports Med . 1991 ; 10 ( 3 ): 637 - 652 1868565

상세보기
6. Andrews JR Jelsma RD Joyse ME Timmerman LA Open surgical procedures for injuries of the elbow in throwers . Op Tech Sports Med . 1996 ; 4 ( 2 ): 109 - 113
7. Andrews JR Jobe FW Valgus extension overload in the pitching elbow . In: Andrews JR Zarins B Carson WB , eds. Injuries to the Throwing Arm . Philadelphia : Saunders ; 1985 : 250 - 257
8. Andrews JR Timmerman LA Outcome of elbow surgery in professional baseball players . Am J Sports Med . 1995 ; 23 ( 4 ): 407 - 413 7573648

상세보기
9. Andrews JR Whiteside JA Common elbow problems in the athlete . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1993 ; 17 ( 6 ): 289 - 295 8343788

상세보기
10. Azar FM Andrews JR Wilk KE Groh D Operative treatment of ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow in athletes . Am J Sports Med . 2000 ; 28 ( 1 ): 16 - 23 10653538

상세보기
11. Bauer M Jonsson K Josefsson PO Linden B Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow: a long-term follow-up study . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 1992 ( 284 ): 156 - 160
12. Bernas GA Ruberte Thiele RA Kinnaman KA Hughes RE Miller BS Carpenter JE Defining safe rehabilitation for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow: a biomechanical study . Am J Sports Med . 2009 ; 37 ( 12 ): 2392 - 2400 19684292

상세보기
13. Bjordal JM Lopes-Martins RA Iversen VV A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations . Br J Sports Med . 2006 ; 40 ( 1 ): 76 - 80 16371497

상세보기
14. Brown LP Niehues SL Harrah A Yavorsky P Hirshman HP Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players . Am J Sports Med . 1988 ; 16 ( 6 ): 577 - 585 3239614

상세보기
15. Cain EL Andrews JR Dugas JR Outcome of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow in 1281 athletes: results in 743 athletes with minimum 2-year follow-up . Am J Sports Med . 2010 ; 38 ( 12 ): 2426 - 2434 20929932

상세보기
16. Carpenter JE Blasier RB Pellizzon GG The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense . Am J Sports Med . 1998 ; 26 ( 2 ): 262 - 265 9548121

상세보기
17. Clement DB Taunton JE Smart GW Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: etiology and treatment . Am J Sports Med . 1984 ; 12 ( 3 ): 179 - 184 6742297

상세보기
18. Conte S Requa RK Garrick JG Disability days in major league baseball . Am J Sports Med . 2001 ; 29 ( 4 ): 431 - 436 11476381

상세보기
19. Coutts RD Toth C Kaita JH The role of continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of the total knee patient . In: Hungerford DS Krackow KA Kenna RV , eds. Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Approach . Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins ; 1984 : 126 - 132
20. Creaney L Hamilton B Growth factor delivery methods in the management of sports injuries: the state of play . Br J Sports Med . 2008 ; 42 ( 5 ): 314 - 320 17984193

상세보기
21. Davidson PA Pink M Perry J Jobe FW Functional anatomy of the flexor pronator muscle group in relation to the medial collateral ligament of the elbow . Am J Sports Med . 1995 ; 23 ( 2 ): 245 - 250 7778713

상세보기
22. de Mos M Koevoet W van Schie HT In vitro model to study chondrogenic differentiation in tendinopathy . Am J Sports Med . 2009 ; 37 ( 6 ): 1214 - 1222 19279223

상세보기
23. de Mos M van der Windt AE Jahr H Can platelet-rich plasma enhance tendon repair? A cell culture study . Am J Sports Med . 2008 ; 36 ( 6 ): 1171 - 1178 18326832

상세보기
24. Dehne E Torp RP Treatment of joint injuries by immediate mobilization: based upon the spinal adaptation concept . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 1971 ; 77 : 218 - 232 5003817

상세보기
25. Dillman CJ Smutz P Werner S Valgus extension overload in baseball pitching . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1991 ; 23 : S135
26. Dines JS ElAttrache NS Conway JE Smith W Ahmad CS Clinical outcomes of the DANE TJ technique to treat ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency of the elbow . Am J Sports Med . 2007 ; 35 ( 12 ): 2039 - 2044 17703003

상세보기
27. Dodson CC Thomas A Dines JS Nho SJ Williams RJ Altchek DW Medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow in throwing athletes . Am J Sports Med . 2006 ; 34 ( 12 ): 1926 - 1932 16902233

상세보기
28. England S Farrell AJ Coppock JS Struthers G Bacon PA Low power laser therapy of shoulder tendonitis . Scand J Rheumatol . 1989 ; 18 ( 6 ): 427 - 431 2694356

상세보기
29. Enwemeka CS The effects of therapeutic ultrasound on tendon healing: a biomechanical study . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 1989 ; 68 ( 6 ): 283 - 287 2686717

상세보기
30. Enwemeka CS Inflammation, cellularity, and fibrillogenesis in regenerating tendon: implications for tendon rehabilitation . Phys Ther . 1989 ; 69 ( 10 ): 816 - 825 2780808

상세보기
31. Escamilla RF Ionno M Demahy S Comparison of three baseball-specific six-week training programs on throwing velocity in high school baseball players . J Strength Cond Res . 2012 ; 26 ( 7 ): 1767 - 1781 22549085
32. Fleisig GS Andrews JR Dillman CJ Escamilla RF Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms . Am J Sports Med . 1995 ; 23 ( 2 ): 233 - 239 7778711

상세보기
33. Fleisig GS Barrentine SW Escamilla RF Andrews JR Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries . Sports Med . 1996 ; 21 ( 6 ): 421 - 437 8784962

상세보기
34. Fleisig GS Bolt B Fortenbaugh D Wilk KE Andrews JR Biomechanical comparison of baseball pitching and long-toss: implications for training and rehabilitation . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2011 ; 41 ( 5 ): 296 - 303 21212502

상세보기
35. Fleisig GS Escamilla RF Biomechanics of the elbow in the throwing athlete . Op Tech Sports Med . 1996 ; 4 ( 2 ): 62 - 68
36. Gosens T Peerbooms JC van Laar W den Oudsten BL Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up . Am J Sports Med . 2011 ; 39 ( 6 ): 1200 - 1208 21422467

상세보기
37. Green DP McCoy H Turnbuckle orthotic correction of elbow-flexion contractures after acute injuries . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1979 ; 61 ( 7 ): 1092 - 1095 489654
38. Greenfield BH Donatelli R Wooden MJ Wilkes J Isokinetic evaluation of shoulder rotational strength between the plane of scapula and the frontal plane . Am J Sports Med . 1990 ; 18 ( 2 ): 124 - 128 2343977

상세보기
39. Gum SL Reddy GK Stehno-Bittel L Enwemeka CS Combined ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and laser promote collagen synthesis with moderate changes in tendon biomechanics . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 1997 ; 76 ( 4 ): 288 - 296 9267188
40. Haggmark T Eriksson E Cylinder or mobile cast brace after knee ligament surgery. A clinical analysis and morphologic and enzymatic studies of changes in the quadriceps muscle . Am J Sports Med . 1979 ; 7 ( 1 ): 48 - 56 420388

상세보기
41. Harvey W Dyson M Pond JB Grahame R The stimulation of protein synthesis in human fibroblasts by therapeutic ultrasound . Rheumatol Rehabil . 1975 ; 14 ( 4 ): 237 1198016
42. Jackson BA Schwane JA Starcher BC Effect of ultrasound therapy on the repair of Achilles tendon injuries in rats . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1991 ; 23 ( 2 ): 171 - 176 2017013

상세보기
43. James SL Ali K Pocock C Ultrasound guided dry needling and autologous blood injection for patellar tendinosis . Br J Sports Med . 2007 ; 41 ( 8 ): 518 - 521 17387140

상세보기
44. Jobe FW Stark H Lombardo SJ Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1986 ; 68 ( 8 ): 1158 - 1163 3771597
45. Kajikawa Y Morihara T Sakamoto H Platelet-rich plasma enhances the initial mobilization of circulation-derived cells for tendon healing . J Cell Physiol . 2008 ; 215 ( 3 ): 837 - 845 18181148

상세보기
46. Ko JY Chen HS Chen LM Treatment of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow with shock waves . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 2001 ( 387 ): 60 - 67
47. Kottke FJ Pauley DL Ptak RA The rationale for prolonged stretching for correction of shortening of connective tissue . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1966 ; 47 ( 6 ): 345 - 352 5940624

상세보기
48. Kraushaar BS Nirschl RP Tendinosis of the elbow (tennis elbow): clinical features and findings of histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy studies . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1999 ; 81 ( 2 ): 259 - 278 10073590
49. Lam LK Cheing GL Effects of 904-nm low-level laser therapy in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial . Photomed Laser Surg . 2007 ; 25 ( 2 ): 65 - 71 17508839

상세보기
50. Langberg H Ellingsgaard H Madsen T Eccentric rehabilitation exercise increases peritendinous type I collagen synthesis in humans with Achilles tendinosis . Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2007 ; 17 ( 1 ): 61 - 66 16787448
51. Lyras D Kazakos K Verettas D Immunohistochemical study of angiogenesis after local administration of platelet-rich plasma in a patellar tendon defect . Int Orthop . 2009
52. Lyras DN Kazakos K Verettas D The effect of platelet-rich plasma gel in the early phase of patellar tendon healing . Arch Orthop Trauma Surg . 2009
53. Maitland GD Vertebral Manipulation . 4th ed. Boston, MA : Butterworth ; 1977
54. McClure PW Blackburn LG Dusold C The use of splints in the treatment of joint stiffness: biologic rationale and an algorithm for making clinical decisions . Phys Ther . 1994 ; 74 ( 12 ): 1101 - 1107 7991651

상세보기
55. Mishra A Pavelko T Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma . Am J Sports Med . 2006 ; 34 ( 11 ): 1774 - 1778 16735582

상세보기
56. Mishra A Woodall J Vieira A Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma . Clin Sports Med . 2009 ; 28 ( 1 ): 113 - 125 19064169

상세보기
57. Morrey BF Osteochondritis dessicans . In: DeLee JC Drez D , eds. Orthopedic Sports Medicine . Philadelphia, PA : Saunders ; 1994 : 908 - 912
58. Murrell GA Szabo C Hannafin JA Modulation of tendon healing by nitric oxide . Inflamm Res . 1997 ; 46 ( 1 ): 19 - 27 9117513
59. Myers JB Guskiewicz KM Schneider RA Prentice WE Proprioception and neuromuscular control of the shoulder after muscle fatigue . J Athl Train . 1999 ; 34 ( 4 ): 362 - 367 16558590

상세보기
60. Myers JB Ju YY Hwang JH McMahon PJ Rodosky MW Lephart SM Reflexive muscle activation alterations in shoulders with anterior glenohumeral instability . Am J Sports Med . 2004 ; 32 ( 4 ): 1013 - 1021 15150051

상세보기
61. Nirschl RP Medial tennis elbow: surgical treatment . Orthop Trans . 1983 ; 7 : 298
62. Nirschl RP Prevention and treatment of elbow and shoulder injuries in the tennis player . Clin Sports Med . 1988 ; 7 ( 2 ): 289 - 308 3292065

상세보기
63. Nirschl RP Ashman ES Tennis elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis) . Instr Course Lect . 2004 ; 53 : 587 - 598 15116648

상세보기
64. Nirschl RP Morrey BF Rehabilitation . In: Morrey BF , ed. The Elbow and Its Disorders . Philadelphia, PA : WB Saunders ; 1985 : 147 - 152
65. Nowicki KD Hummer CD Heidt RS Colosimo AJ Effects of iontophoretic versus injection administration of dexamethasone . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2002 ; 34 ( 8 ): 1294 - 1301 12165684

상세보기
66. Noyes FR Mangine RE Barber S Early knee motion after open and arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction . Am J Sports Med . 1987 ; 15 ( 2 ): 149 - 160 3555129

상세보기
67. Paoloni JA Appleyard RC Nelson J Murrell GA Topical nitric oxide application in the treatment of chronic extensor tendinosis at the elbow: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial . Am J Sports Med . 2003 ; 31 ( 6 ): 915 - 920 14623657

상세보기
68. Perkins G Rest and movement . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1953 ; 35 ( 4 ): 521 - 539 13108914
69. Posner M Cameron KL Wolf JM Belmont PJ Owens BD Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries . Am J Sports Med . 2011 ; 39 ( 8 ): 1676 - 1680 21709023
70. Reddy GK Gum S Stehno-Bittel L Enwemeka CS Biochemistry and biomechanics of healing tendon: part II. Effects of combined laser therapy and electrical stimulation . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1998 ; 30 ( 6 ): 794 - 800 9624633

상세보기
71. Reddy GK Stehno-Bittel L Enwemeka CS Laser photostimulation of collagen production in healing rabbit Achilles tendons . Lasers Surg Med . 1998 ; 22 ( 5 ): 281 - 287 9671994

상세보기
72. Reinold MM Escamilla RF Wilk KE Current concepts in the scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for glenohumeral and scapulothoracic musculature . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2009 ; 39 ( 2 ): 105 - 117 19194023

상세보기
73. Reinold MM Macrina LC Wilk KE Electromyographic analysis of the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles during 3 common rehabilitation exercises . J Athl Train . 2007 ; 42 ( 4 ): 464 - 469 18174934

상세보기
74. Reinold MM Wilk KE Fleisig GS Electromyographic analysis of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during common shoulder external rotation exercises . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2004 ; 34 ( 7 ): 385 - 394 15296366

상세보기
75. Reinold MM Wilk KE Reed J Crenshaw K Andrews JR Interval sport programs: guidelines for baseball, tennis, and golf . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2002 ; 32 ( 6 ): 293 - 298 12061709

상세보기
76. Roberts N Hughes R Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow joint; a clinical study . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1950 ; 32 ( 3 ): 348 - 360 14778853
77. Rohrbough JT Altchek DW Hyman J Williams RJ Botts JD Medial collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow using the docking technique . Am J Sports Med . 2002 ; 30 ( 4 ): 541 - 548 12130409

상세보기
78. Salter RB Hamilton HW Wedge JH Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints: a preliminary report of a feasibility study . J Orthop Res . 1984 ; 1 ( 3 ): 325 - 342 6481515
79. Salter RB Simmonds DF Malcolm BW Rumble EJ MacMichael D Clements ND The biological effect of continuous passive motion on the healing of full-thickness defects in articular cartilage: an experimental investigation in the rabbit . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1980 ; 62 ( 8 ): 1232 - 1251 7440603
80. Sampson S Gerhardt M Mandelbaum B Platelet rich plasma injection grafts for musculoskeletal injuries: a review . Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med . 2008 ; 1 ( 3-4 ): 165 - 174 19468902
81. Sanchez M Anitua E Orive G Mujika I Andia I Platelet-rich therapies in the treatment of orthopaedic sport injuries . Sports Med . 2009 ; 39 ( 5 ): 345 - 354 19402740

상세보기
82. Sapega AA Quedenfeld TC Moyer RA Butler RA Biophysical factors in range-of-motion exercise . Phys Sports Med . 1981 ; 9 ( 12 ): 57 - 65
83. Schulte-Edelmann JA Davies GJ Kernozek TW Gerberding ED The effects of plyometric training of the posterior shoulder and elbow . J Strength Cond Res . 2005 ; 19 ( 1 ): 129 - 134 15707381

상세보기
84. Shalabi A Kristoffersen-Wilberg M Svensson L Aspelin P Movin T Eccentric training of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex in chronic Achilles tendinopathy results in decreased tendon volume and intratendinous signal as evaluated by MRI . Am J Sports Med . 2004 ; 32 ( 5 ): 1286 - 1296 15262655

상세보기
85. Stergioulas A Stergioula M Aarskog R Lopes-Martins RA Bjordal JM Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopathy . Am J Sports Med . 2008 ; 36 ( 5 ): 881 - 887 18272794

상세보기
86. Suresh SP Ali KE Jones H Connell DA Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment? Br J Sports Med . 2006 ; 40 ( 11 ): 935 - 939 16990441

상세보기
87. Thanasas C Papadimitriou G Charalambidis C Paraskevopoulos I Papanikolaou A Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous whole blood for the treatment of chronic lateral elbow epicondylitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial . Am J Sports Med . 2011 ; 39 ( 10 ): 2130 - 2134 21813443

상세보기
88. Voight ML Hardin JA Blackburn TA Tippett S Canner GC The effects of muscle fatigue on and the relationship of arm dominance to shoulder proprioception . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1996 ; 23 ( 6 ): 348 - 352 8727014

상세보기
89. Wang CJ Chen HS Shock wave therapy for patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow: a one- to two-year follow-up study . Am J Sports Med . 2002 ; 30 ( 3 ): 422 - 425 12016085

상세보기
90. Wang CJ Ko JY Chen HS Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder with shock wave therapy . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 2001 ; 387 : 83 - 89 11400899

상세보기
91. Wang L Qin L Lu HB Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in treatment of delayed bone-tendon healing . Am J Sports Med . 2008 ; 36 ( 2 ): 340 - 347 17885225
92. Warren CG Lehmann JF Koblanski JN Elongation of rat tail tendon: effect of load and temperature . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1971 ; 52 ( 10 ): 465 - 474 5116032

상세보기
93. Warren CG Lehmann JF Koblanski JN Heat and stretch procedures: an evaluation using rat tail tendon . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1976 ; 57 ( 3 ): 122 - 126 1267581

상세보기
94. Werner SL Fleisig GS Dillman CJ Andrews JR Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1993 ; 17 ( 6 ): 274 - 278 8343786

상세보기
95. Wilk KE Andrews JR Arrigo CA Keirns MA Erber DJ The strength characteristics of internal and external rotator muscles in professional baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 1993 ; 21 ( 1 ): 61 - 66 8427370

상세보기
96. Wilk KE Arrigo C Andrews JR Rehabilitation of the elbow in the throwing athlete . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1993 ; 17 ( 6 ): 305 - 317 8343790

상세보기
97. Wilk KE Meister K Andrews JR Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete . Am J Sports Med . 2002 ; 30 ( 1 ): 136 - 151 11799012

상세보기
98. Wilk KE Obma P Simpson CD Cain EL Dugas JR Andrews JR Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2009 ; 39 ( 2 ): 38 - 54 19194026

상세보기
99. Wilk KE Voight ML Keirns MA Gambetta V Andrews JR Dillman CJ Stretch-shortening drills for the upper extremities: theory and clinical application . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1993 ; 17 ( 5 ): 225 - 239 8343780

상세보기
100. Wilk KE Yenchak AJ Arrigo CA Andrews JR The advanced throwers ten exercise program: a new exercise series for enhanced dynamic shoulder control in the overhead throwing athlete . Phys Sportsmed . 2011 ; 39 ( 4 ): 90 - 97 22293772

상세보기
101. Wilson FD Andrews JR Blackburn TA McCluskey G Valgus extension overload in the pitching elbow . Am J Sports Med . 1983 ; 11 ( 2 ): 83 - 88 6846685

상세보기
102. Woodward AH Bianco AJ Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 1975 ( 110 ): 35 - 41
103. Wright RW Steger-May K Wasserlauf BL O’Neal ME Weinberg BW Paletta GA Elbow range of motion in professional baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2006 ; 34 ( 2 ): 190 - 193 16219942

상세보기
104. Wyke BD The neurology of joints . Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons . 1966 ; 41 : 25 - 29

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증

Rehabilitation of the Overhead Athlete’s Elbow 원문보기

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

주제어

참고문헌 (104)

이 논문을 인용한 문헌

관련 콘텐츠

원문 보기

원문 URL 링크

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

선택된 텍스트