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Assessment for the management of NORM wastes in conventional hazardous and nonhazardous waste landfills

Journal of hazardous materials, v.310, 2016년, pp.161 - 169  

Mora, J.C. ,  Baeza, A. ,  Robles, B. ,  Sanz, J.

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) wastes are generated in huge quantities in several industries and their management has been carried out under considerations of industrial non-radioactive wastes, before the concern on the radioactivity content was included in the legislation. Therefo...

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참고문헌 (25)

  1. Royal Decree 952/1997 of June 20th, Basic Law of Toxic and Hazardous Wastes, 1997 (in Spanish). 

  2. Law 22/2011, of July 28th, of residues and contaminated soils, 2011 (in Spanish). 

  3. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directive, 2008. 

  4. Royal Decree 1481/2001 of December 27th, By which the removal of wastes by their disposal in landfills is regulated, 2001 (in Spanish). 

  5. Royal Decree RD 1439/2010 of November 18th, By which Regulation for Health Protection against Ionising Radiations, approved by Royal Decree 783/2001 of July 6th, is modified, 2010 (in Spanish). 

  6. Safety Instruction of the CSN: IS-33 of December 21th, On Radiological Criteria for the Protection against Exposure from Natural Radiation, 2012 (in Spanish). 

  7. Guia de Seguridad del CSN GS-11.02, Control of the exposure to natural sources of radiation, 2012 (in Spanish). 

  8. Guia de Seguridad del CSN GS-11.03, On Methodology for the assessment of the radiological impact of the NORM industries, 2012 (in Spanish). 

  9. Environ. Sci. Technol. Smith 37 100 2060 2003 10.1021/es0261729 Assessment of the disposal of radioactive petroleum industry waste in nonhazardous landfills using risk-based modeling 

  10. J. Hazard. Mater. Pontedeiro 139 3 563 2007 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.063 Assessment of the mineral industry NORM/TENORM disposal in hazardous landfills 

  11. Application of the Concepts of Exclusion, Exemption and Clearance IAEA Safety Standards Series, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2004. 

  12. General Safety Requirements Part 3 No. GSR Part 3, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2014. 

  13. Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM of 5 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom, 96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom and 2003/122/Euratom, 2014. 

  14. T. Anderson, S. Mobbs, Conditional exemption Limits for NORM wastes HPA-CRCE-001, 2010. 

  15. 4th EA N-NORM Workshop Pepin 2011 Belgian acceptation criteria for NORM residues: theory and practice 

  16. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations, New York, 2000. 

  17. Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 1999 on the landfill of waste, 1999. 

  18. Private Commun. Carreras 2015 In ‘Valdemingomez’ landfill, one of the biggest in Spain, operating for 22 years and closed in the year 2000, the maximum height for a landfill is around 50-55m 

  19. Yu 1993 Data Collection Handbook to Support Modeling Impacts of Radioactive Material in Soil 

  20. Orden IET/1946/2013, October 17th, by which the management of the wastes generated in activities using materials with natural radioactivity is regulated, 2013 (in Spanish). 

  21. Yu 2001 User’s Manual for RESRAD Version 6. ANL/EAD-4 

  22. Le Poire 2000 Probabilistic Modules for the RESRAD and RESRAD-BUILD Computer Codes. User Guide. NUREG/CR-6692, ANL/EAD/TM-91 

  23. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. van der Heijde 24 1-4 419 1988 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080316 Radiological impacts of the disposal of phosphogypsum 

  24. Sci. Total Environ. Rutherford 149 1-2 1 1994 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90002-7 Environmental impacts of phosphogypsum 

  25. Radiat. Meas. Duenas 45 2 242 2010 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.01.007 Radiological impacts of natural radioactivity from phosphogypsum piles in Huelva (Spain) 

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