$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$

연합인증

연합인증 가입 기관의 연구자들은 소속기관의 인증정보(ID와 암호)를 이용해 다른 대학, 연구기관, 서비스 공급자의 다양한 온라인 자원과 연구 데이터를 이용할 수 있습니다.

이는 여행자가 자국에서 발행 받은 여권으로 세계 각국을 자유롭게 여행할 수 있는 것과 같습니다.

연합인증으로 이용이 가능한 서비스는 NTIS, DataON, Edison, Kafe, Webinar 등이 있습니다.

한번의 인증절차만으로 연합인증 가입 서비스에 추가 로그인 없이 이용이 가능합니다.

다만, 연합인증을 위해서는 최초 1회만 인증 절차가 필요합니다. (회원이 아닐 경우 회원 가입이 필요합니다.)

연합인증 절차는 다음과 같습니다.

최초이용시에는
ScienceON에 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 로그인 (본인 확인 또는 회원가입) → 서비스 이용

그 이후에는
ScienceON 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 서비스 이용

연합인증을 활용하시면 KISTI가 제공하는 다양한 서비스를 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.

Efficient Promotion of Autophagy and Angiogenesis Using Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Enhanced by the Low-Energy Shock Waves in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction 원문보기

Stem cells international, v.2018, 2018년, pp.1302672 -   

Zhu, Guan Qun (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Jeon, Seung Hwan (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Bae, Woong Jin (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Choi, Sae Woong (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Jeong, Hyun Cheol (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Kim, Kang Sup (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Kim, Su Jin (Department of Urology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea) ,  Cho, Hyuk Jin (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Ha, U. Syn (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea) ,  Hong, Sung Hoo (Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic Univers) ,  Lee, Ji Youl ,  Kwon, Eun Bi ,  Kim, Sae Woong

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Background Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSCT) and defocused low-energy shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been shown to ameliorate erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the interactions and effects of action between MSCT and ESWT remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of ...

참고문헌 (66)

  1. 1 Penson D. F. Latini D. M. Lubeck D. P. Wallace K. L. Henning J. M. Lue T. F. Do impotent men with diabetes have more severe erectile dysfunction and worse quality of life than the general population of impotent patients? Results from the Exploratory Comprehensive Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction (ExCEED) database Diabetes Care 2003 26 4 1093 1099 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1093 2-s2.0-0042167567 12663579 

  2. 2 De Berardis G. Franciosi M. Belfiglio M. Erectile dysfunction and quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients: a serious problem too often overlooked Diabetes Care 2002 25 2 284 291 10.2337/diacare.25.2.284 2-s2.0-17144437209 11815497 

  3. 3 Thorve V. S. Kshirsagar A. D. Vyawahare N. S. Joshi V. S. Ingale K. G. Mohite R. J. Diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 2011 25 2 129 136 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2010.03.003 2-s2.0-79952316254 20462773 

  4. 4 Phé V. Rouprêt M. Erectile dysfunction and diabetes: a review of the current evidence-based medicine and a synthesis of the main available therapies Diabetes & Metabolism 2012 38 1 1 13 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.09.003 2-s2.0-84856702110 22056307 

  5. 5 Malavige L. S. Levy J. C. Erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2009 6 5 1232 1247 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01168.x 2-s2.0-65149086938 19210706 

  6. 6 Rendell M. S. Rajfer J. Wicker P. A. Smith M. D. for the Sildenafil Diabetes Study Group Sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 1999 281 5 421 426 10.1001/jama.281.5.421 2-s2.0-0033518552 9952201 

  7. 7 Hayashi D. Kawakami K. Ito K. Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy enhances skin wound healing in diabetic mice: a critical role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Wound Repair and Regeneration 2012 20 6 887 895 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2012.00851.x 2-s2.0-84868551995 23110611 

  8. 8 Foldager C. B. Kearney C. Spector M. Clinical application of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in orthopedics: focused versus unfocused shock waves Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2012 38 10 1673 1680 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.06.004 2-s2.0-84865724080 22920552 

  9. 9 Aqil A. Siddiqui M. R. Solan M. Redfern D. J. Gulati V. Cobb J. P. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is effective in treating chronic plantar fasciitis: a meta-analysis of RCTs Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2013 471 11 3645 3652 10.1007/s11999-013-3132-2 2-s2.0-84885954810 23813184 

  10. 10 Cayton T. Harwood A. E. Smith G. E. Totty J. P. Carradice D. Chetter I. C. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of lower limb intermittent claudication: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (the SHOCKWAVE 1 trial) Trials 2017 18 1 p. 104 10.1186/s13063-017-1844-4 2-s2.0-85014516933 28264725 

  11. 11 Zissler A. Steinbacher P. Zimmermann R. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy accelerates regeneration after acute skeletal muscle injury The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2017 45 3 676 684 10.1177/0363546516668622 2-s2.0-85015176700 27729321 

  12. 12 Gruenwald I. Appel B. Vardi Y. Low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy—a novel effective treatment for erectile dysfunction in severe ED patients who respond poorly to PDE5 inhibitor therapy The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2012 9 1 259 264 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02498.x 2-s2.0-84855357432 22008059 

  13. 13 Clavijo R. I. Kohn T. P. Kohn J. R. Ramasamy R. Effects of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2017 14 1 27 35 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.11.001 2-s2.0-85008220568 27986492 

  14. 14 Lu Z. Lin G. Reed-Maldonado A. Wang C. Lee Y. C. Lue T. F. Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave treatment improves erectile function: a systematic review and meta-analysis European Urology 2017 71 2 223 233 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.050 2-s2.0-85006986726 27321373 

  15. 15 Wang B. Ning H. Reed-Maldonado A. B. Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression through PERK/ATF4 signaling pathway International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017 18 2 p. 433 10.3390/ijms18020433 2-s2.0-85013149467 

  16. 16 Aicher A. Heeschen C. Sasaki K. Urbich C. Zeiher A. M. Dimmeler S. Low-energy shock wave for enhancing recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells: a new modality to increase efficacy of cell therapy in chronic hind limb ischemia Circulation 2006 114 25 2823 2830 10.1161/circulationaha.106.628623 2-s2.0-33845891327 17145991 

  17. 17 Li H. Matheu M. P. Sun F. Low-energy shock wave therapy ameliorates erectile dysfunction in a pelvic neurovascular injuries rat model The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2016 13 1 22 32 10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.11.008 2-s2.0-84979844408 26755082 

  18. 18 Mangır N. Türkeri L. Stem cell therapies in post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction: a critical review The Canadian Journal of Urology 2017 24 1 8609 8619 28263125 

  19. 19 Yiou R. Mahrouf-Yorgov M. Trébeau C. Delivery of human mesenchymal adipose-derived stem cells restores multiple urological dysfunctions in a rat model mimicking radical prostatectomy damages through tissue-specific paracrine mechanisms Stem Cells 2016 34 2 392 404 10.1002/stem.2226 2-s2.0-84958173930 26439006 

  20. 20 Takayanagi A. Sasaki M. Kataoka-Sasaki Y. Intravenous preload of mesenchymal stem cells rescues erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2015 12 8 1713 1721 10.1111/jsm.12957 2-s2.0-84939566217 26211660 

  21. 21 Gokce A. Abd Elmageed Z. Y. Lasker G. F. Intratunical injection of genetically modified adipose tissue-derived stem cells with human interferon α -2b for treatment of erectile dysfunction in a rat model of tunica albugineal fibrosis The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2015 12 7 1533 1544 10.1111/jsm.12916 2-s2.0-84937523881 26062100 

  22. 22 Liu G. Y. Jiang X. X. Zhu X. ROS activates JNK-mediated autophagy to counteract apoptosis in mouse mesenchymal stem cells in vitro Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2015 36 12 1473 1479 10.1038/aps.2015.101 2-s2.0-84949195095 26592514 

  23. 23 Fandel T. M. Albersen M. Lin G. Recruitment of intracavernously injected adipose-derived stem cells to the major pelvic ganglion improves erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury European Urology 2012 61 1 201 210 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.061 2-s2.0-82255191778 21824718 

  24. 24 Zhou F. Hui Y. Xu Y. Effects of adipose-derived stem cells plus insulin on erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats International Urology and Nephrology 2016 48 5 657 669 10.1007/s11255-016-1221-3 2-s2.0-84955572188 26820518 

  25. 25 Schuh C. M. Heher P. Weihs A. M. In vitro extracorporeal shock wave treatment enhances stemness and preserves multipotency of rat and human adipose-derived stem cells Cytotherapy 2014 16 12 1666 1678 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.07.005 2-s2.0-84911905213 25174738 

  26. 26 Wang Z. H. Shang Y. Y. Zhang S. Silence of TRIB3 suppresses atherosclerosis and stabilizes plaques in diabetic Apo E −/− /LDL receptor −/− mice Diabetes 2012 61 2 463 473 10.2337/db11-0518 2-s2.0-84863012411 22275087 

  27. 27 Wang X. Liu C. Xu Y. Combination of mesenchymal stem cell injection with icariin for the treatment of diabetes-associated erectile dysfunction PLoS One 2017 12 3, article e0174145 10.1371/journal.pone.0174145 2-s2.0-85016323630 28350842 

  28. 28 Liu J. Zhou F. Li G. Y. Evaluation of the effect of different doses of low energy shock wave therapy on the erectile function of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2013 14 5 10661 10673 10.3390/ijms140510661 2-s2.0-84878222493 23698784 

  29. 29 Qiu X. Fandel T. M. Ferretti L. Both immediate and delayed intracavernous injection of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction enhances recovery of erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury European Urology 2012 62 720 727 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.003 2-s2.0-84865679476 22397847 

  30. 30 Albersen M. Fandel T. M. Zhang H. Pentoxifylline promotes recovery of erectile function in a rat model of postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction European Urology 2011 59 2 286 296 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.10.034 2-s2.0-78650690458 21036464 

  31. 31 Bella A. J. Lin G. Garcia M. M. Upregulation of penile brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat after cavernous nerve transection European Urology 2007 52 2 574 581 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.043 2-s2.0-34250735626 17097800 

  32. 32 Linharattanaruksa P. Srisuwatanasagul S. Ponglowhapan S. Khalid M. Chatdarong K. Collagen and glycosaminoglycan profiles in the canine cervix during different stages of the estrous cycle and in open- and closed-cervix pyometra The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2014 76 2 197 203 10.1292/jvms.13-0114 2-s2.0-84897637754 24152876 

  33. 33 Talanian R. V. Quinlan C. Trautz S. Substrate specificities of caspase family proteases The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997 272 15 9677 9682 10.1074/jbc.272.15.9677 2-s2.0-0030948457 9092497 

  34. 34 Drake K. R. Kang M. Kenworthy A. K. Nucleocytoplasmic distribution and dynamics of the autophagosome marker EGFP-LC3 PLoS One 2010 5 3, article e9806 10.1371/journal.pone.0009806 2-s2.0-78349255372 20352102 

  35. 35 Yin G. N. Park S. H. Song K. M. Establishment of in vitro model of erectile dysfunction for the study of high-glucose-induced angiopathy and neuropathy Andrology 2017 5 2 327 335 10.1111/andr.12307 2-s2.0-85006987512 27992968 

  36. 36 Kwon M. H. Ryu J. K. Kim W. J. Effect of intracavernous administration of angiopoietin-4 on erectile function in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2013 10 12 2912 2927 10.1111/jsm.12278 2-s2.0-84889100066 23937122 

  37. 37 Wei J. Jiang H. Gao H. Wang G. Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) attenuates HIF-1 α pathways engaged-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic retinopathy Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 2016 40 6 1570 1577 10.1159/000453207 2-s2.0-85008602027 27997905 

  38. 38 Rodrigues H. V. Ke D. Lim J. Phase I combination of pazopanib and everolimus in PIK3CA mutation positive/PTEN loss patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy Investigational New Drugs 2015 33 3 700 709 10.1007/s10637-015-0238-2 2-s2.0-84937758561 25902899 

  39. 39 Liu X. El-Mahdy M. A. Boslett J. Cytoglobin regulates blood pressure and vascular tone through nitric oxide metabolism in the vascular wall Nature Communications 2017 8, article 14807 10.1038/ncomms14807 2-s2.0-85017394367 28393874 

  40. 40 Moncada S. Palmer R. M. Higgs E. A. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology Pharmacological Reviews 1991 43 2 109 142 1852778 

  41. 41 Nakaoka M. Iwai-Kanai E. Katamura M. Okawa Y. Mita Y. Matoba S. An alpha-adrenergic agonist protects hearts by inducing Akt1-mediated autophagy Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2015 456 1 250 256 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.067 2-s2.0-84919635720 25446079 

  42. 42 Wan G. Xie W. Liu Z. Hypoxia-induced MIR155 is a potent autophagy inducer by targeting multiple players in the MTOR pathway Autophagy 2014 10 1 70 79 10.4161/auto.26534 2-s2.0-84894436700 24262949 

  43. 43 Mok S. A. Lund K. Campenot R. B. A retrograde apoptotic signal originating in NGF-deprived distal axons of rat sympathetic neurons in compartmented cultures Cell Res 2009 19 5 546 560 10.1038/cr.2009.11 2-s2.0-67649097223 19188931 

  44. 44 Kawamura K. Kawamura N. Kumazawa Y. Kumagai J. Fujimoto T. Tanaka T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase B signaling regulates human trophoblast growth in an in vivo animal model of ectopic pregnancy Endocrinology 2011 152 3 1090 1100 10.1210/en.2010-1124 2-s2.0-79951898532 21239439 

  45. 45 Vardi Y. Appel B. Kilchevsky A. Gruenwald I. Does low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy have a physiological effect on erectile function? Short-term results of a randomized, double-blind, sham controlled study The Journal of Urology 2012 187 5 1769 1775 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.117 2-s2.0-84859523360 22425129 

  46. 46 Olsen A. B. Persiani M. Boie S. Hanna M. Lund L. Can low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve erectile dysfunction? A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Scandinavian Journal of Urology 2015 49 4 329 333 10.3109/21681805.2014.984326 2-s2.0-84937539338 25470423 

  47. 47 Chitale S. Morsey M. Swift L. Sethia K. Limited shock wave therapy vs sham treatment in men with Peyronie’s disease: results of a prospective randomized controlled double-blind trial BJU International 2010 106 9 1352 1356 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09331.x 2-s2.0-78349283098 20438568 

  48. 48 Srini V. S. Reddy R. K. Shultz T. Denes B. Low intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction: a study in an Indian population The Canadian Journal of Urology 2015 22 1 7614 7622 25694008 

  49. 49 Yee C. H. Chan E. S. Hou S. S. Ng C. F. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study International Journal of Urology 2014 21 10 1041 1045 10.1111/iju.12506 2-s2.0-84908030647 24942563 

  50. 50 Fode M. Lowenstein L. Reisman Y. Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy in sexual medicine: a questionnaire-based assessment of knowledge, clinical practice patterns, and attitudes in sexual medicine practitioners Sexual Medicine 2017 5 2 e94 e98 10.1016/j.esxm.2016.12.002 2-s2.0-85014288155 28268167 

  51. 51 Dunsmuir W. D. Holmes S. A. The aetiology and management of erectile, ejaculatory, and fertility problems in men with diabetes mellitus Diabetic Medicine 1996 13 8 700 708 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199608)13:8 3.0.CO;2-8 8862943 

  52. 52 Burnett A. L. Lowenstein C. J. Bredt D. S. Chang T. S. Snyder S. H. Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection Science 1992 257 5068 401 403 10.1126/science.1378650 1378650 

  53. 53 Tepekoylu C. Wang F. S. Kozaryn R. Shock wave treatment induces angiogenesis and mobilizes endogenous CD31/CD34-positive endothelial cells in a hindlimb ischemia model: implications for angiogenesis and vasculogenesis The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2013 146 4 971 978 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.01.017 2-s2.0-84884415373 23395097 

  54. 54 Prieto C. P. Ortiz M. C. Villanueva A. Netrin-1 acts as a non-canonical angiogenic factor produced by human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2017 8 1 p. 43 10.1186/s13287-017-0494-5 2-s2.0-85030183549 28241866 

  55. 55 Lue T. F. Erectile dysfunction The New England Journal Medicine 2000 342 24 1802 1813 10.1056/NEJM200006153422407 2-s2.0-0034660235 10853004 

  56. 56 Lin C. S. Lin G. Lue T. F. Original research—basic science: cyclic nucleotide signaling in cavernous smooth muscle The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2005 2 478 491 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00080.x 2-s2.0-22144485152 16422842 

  57. 57 Yoshida S. Aihara K. Ikeda Y. Androgen receptor promotes sex-independent angiogenesis in response to ischemia and is required for activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling Circulation 2013 128 1 60 71 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001533 2-s2.0-84879771038 23723256 

  58. 58 McMahon C. G. McMahon C. N. Leow L. J. Winestock C. G. Efficacy of type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the drug treatment of premature ejaculation: a systematic review BJU International 2006 98 2 259 272 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06290.x 2-s2.0-33745712565 16879663 

  59. 59 Komori K. Tsujimura A. Takao T. Nitric oxide synthesis leads to vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis via the NO/cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in human corpus cavernosal smooth muscle cells The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2008 5 7 1623 1635 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00772.x 2-s2.0-47949119794 18331270 

  60. 60 Wu M. H. Yuan S. Y. Granger H. J. The protein kinase MEK1/2 mediate vascular endothelial growth factor- and histamine-induced hyperpermeability in porcine coronary venules The Journal of Physiology 2005 563 1 95 104 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.076075 2-s2.0-14844323993 15539400 

  61. 61 Kang R. Zeh H. J. Lotze M. T. Tang D. The beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis Cell Death & Differentiation 2011 18 4 571 580 10.1038/cdd.2010.191 2-s2.0-79952628267 21311563 

  62. 62 Salloum F. N. Ockaili R. A. Wittkamp M. Marwaha V. R. Kukreja R. C. Vardenafil: a novel type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor reduces myocardial infarct size following ischemia/reperfusion injury via opening of mitochondrial K ATP channels in rabbits Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2006 40 3 405 411 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.10.002 2-s2.0-33244461488 16480739 

  63. 63 Warr M. R. Binnewies M. Flach J. FOXO3A directs a protective autophagy program in haematopoietic stem cells Nature 2013 494 7437 323 327 10.1038/nature11895 2-s2.0-84874192375 23389440 

  64. 64 Fang B. Qin M. Li Y. Electroacupuncture preconditioning and postconditioning inhibit apoptosis and neuroinflammation induced by spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury through enhancing autophagy in rats Neuroscience Letters 2017 642 136 141 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.010 2-s2.0-85012117656 28188848 

  65. 65 Berrak O. Arisan E. D. Obakan-Yerlikaya P. Coker-Gürkan A. Palavan-Unsal N. mTOR is a fine tuning molecule in CDK inhibitors-induced distinct cell death mechanisms via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis in prostate cancer cells Apoptosis 2016 21 10 1158 1178 10.1007/s10495-016-1275-9 2-s2.0-84982792246 27484210 

  66. 66 Kung H. N. Chien C. L. Chau G. Y. Don M. J. Lu K. S. Chau Y. P. Involvement of NO/cGMP signaling in the apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of beta-lapachone on endothelial cells in vitro Journal of Cellular Physiology 2007 211 2 522 532 10.1002/jcp.20963 2-s2.0-34147201856 17192848 

LOADING...

관련 콘텐츠

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

GOLD

오픈액세스 학술지에 출판된 논문

저작권 관리 안내
섹션별 컨텐츠 바로가기

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

AI-Helper 아이콘
AI-Helper
안녕하세요, AI-Helper입니다. 좌측 "선택된 텍스트"에서 텍스트를 선택하여 요약, 번역, 용어설명을 실행하세요.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.

선택된 텍스트

맨위로