[논문]Semi-volatile and highly oxygenated gaseous and particulate organic compounds observed above a boreal forest canopy

Lee, Ben H.; Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe D.; D'Ambro, Emma L.; Zhou, Putian; Boy, Michael; Petä; jä; , Tuukka; Hao, Liqing; Virtanen, Annele; Thornton, Joel A.

doi:10.5194/acp-18-11547-2018

Semi-volatile and highly oxygenated gaseous and particulate organic compounds observed above a boreal forest canopy 원문보기

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, v.18 no.15, 2018년, pp.11547 - 11562

Lee, Ben H. , Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe D. , D'Ambro, Emma L. , Zhou, Putian , Boy, Michael , Petäjä, Tuukka , Hao, Liqing , Virtanen, Annele , Thornton, Joel A.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Abstract. We present hourly online observations of molecular compositions (CxHyOzN0−1) and abundances of oxygenated organic species in gas and submicron particle phases from April to June of 2014 as part of the Biogenic Aerosols-Effects on Cloud and Climate (BAECC) campaign. Measurements were made using the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight iodide-adduct ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS) located atop a 35 m tall tower, about 10 m above a boreal forest canopy at the SMEAR II research station in Hyytiälä, Finland. Semi-volatile and highly oxygenated multifunctional (HOM) organic species possessing from 1 up to 20 carbon atoms, and with as few as 2 and as many as 16 oxygen atoms, were routinely observed. Utilizing non-negative matrix factorization, we determined that > 90 and > 99 % of the organic mass in the gas and particle phases, respectively, exhibited one of three distinct diel trends: one in which abundances were enhanced at daytime, another in the early morning hours, and thirdly during nighttime. Particulate organic nitrates contributed ∼ 35 % to the total organic aerosol mass loading at night during BAECC, much higher than observed by the same instrument package at a mixed-deciduous forest site in the southeastern US that experienced higher nighttime concentrations of nitrogen oxides. Unique HOM monomers (defined here as those with 10 carbon and 7 or more oxygen atoms) and dimers (at least 16 carbon atoms), with and without a nitrogen atom, were found in most of the three subgroups of both phases. We show the potential to connect these groupings of compounds based on their distinct behavior in time to the expected chemical conditions (biogenic VOC precursor, oxidant type, etc.) responsible for their production. A suite of nitrated dimer-like compounds was detected in both the gas and particle phases, suggesting a potential role for the formation of low-volatility organics from NO3-radical-driven, as well as daytime NO-influenced, monoterpene chemistry.

참고문헌 (57)

10.5194/acp-15-13377-2015 Ayres, B. R., Allen, H. M., Draper, D. C., Brown, S. S., Wild, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Hu, W., de Gouw, J., Koss, A., Cohen, R. C., Duffey, K. C., Romer, P., Baumann, K., Edgerton, E., Takahama, S., Thornton, J. A., Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Mohr, C., Wennberg, P. O., Nguyen, T. B., Teng, A., Goldstein, A. H., Olson, K., and Fry, J. L.: Organic nitrate aerosol formation via NO3 + biogenic volatile organic compounds in the southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13377-13392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13377-2015, 2015.

상세보기
10.1016/j.csda.2006.11.006 Berry, M. W., Browne, M., Langville, A. N., Pauca, V. P., and Plemmons, R. J.: Algorithms and applications for approximate nonnegative matrix factorization, Comput. Stat. Data An., 52, 155-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.11.006, 2007.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-17-13819-2017 Bianchi, F., Garmash, O., He, X., Yan, C., Iyer, S., Rosendahl, I., Xu, Z., Rissanen, M. P., Riva, M., Taipale, R., Sarnela, N., Petaja, T., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., Ehn, M., and Junninen, H.: The role of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in determining the composition of ambient ions in the boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13819-13831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13819-2017, 2017.

상세보기
10.1126/science.1155121 Bonan, G. B.: Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests, Science, 320, 1444-1449, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121, 2008.

상세보기
10.1039/c1cp21330j Crounse, J. D., Paulot, F., Kjaergaard, H. G., and Wennberg, P. O.: Peroxy radical isomerization in the oxidation of isoprene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 13607-13613, https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp21330j, 2011.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-17-159-2017 D'Ambro, E. L., Lee, B. H., Liu, J., Shilling, J. E., Gaston, C. J., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Schobesberger, S., Zaveri, R. A., Mohr, C., Lutz, A., Zhang, Z., Gold, A., Surratt, J. D., Rivera-Rios, J. C., Keutsch, F. N., and Thornton, J. A.: Molecular composition and volatility of isoprene photochemical oxidation secondary organic aerosol under low- and high-NOx conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 159-174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-159-2017, 2017.

상세보기
10.1021/ac061249n DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281-8289, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac061249n, 2006.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-9-7257-2009 Dunlea, E. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Kimmel, J. R., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Shinozuka, Y., McNaughton, C. S., Howell, S. G., Clarke, A. D., Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Pfister, G. G., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Millet, D. B., Heald, C. L., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evolution of Asian aerosols during transpacific transport in INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7257-7287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7257-2009, 2009.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-10-8513-2010 Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Petaja, T., Kurten, T., Kerminen, V. M., Schobesberger, S., Manninen, H. E., Ortega, I. K., Vehkamaki, H., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Composition and temporal behavior of ambient ions in the boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8513-8530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8513-2010, 2010.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-12-5113-2012 Ehn, M., Kleist, E., Junninen, H., Petaja, T., Lonn, G., Schobesberger, S., Dal Maso, M., Trimborn, A., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Wahner, A., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T. F.: Gas phase formation of extremely oxidized pinene reaction products in chamber and ambient air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5113-5127, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5113-2012, 2012.

상세보기
10.1038/nature13032 Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I. H., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L. B., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H. G., Canagaratna, M., Dal Maso, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T. F.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 7489, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13032, 2014.

상세보기
10.1021/es502204x Fry, J. L., Draper, D. C., Barsanti, K. C., Smith, J. N., Ortega, J., Winkle, P. M., Lawler, M. J., Brown, S. S., Edwards, P. M., Cohen, R. C., and Lee, L.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Organic Nitrate Yield from NO3 Oxidation of Biogenic Hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11944-11953, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502204x, 2014.

상세보기
10.1021/es072476p Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514-1521, https://doi.org/10.1021/es072476p, 2007.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006 Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.

상세보기
10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012 Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model. Dev., 5, 1471-1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-12-11665-2012 Hakola, H., Hellen, H., Hemmila, M., Rinne, J., and Kulmala, M.: In situ measurements of volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11665-11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11665-2012, 2012.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009 Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, T. F., Monod, A., Prevot, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.

상세보기
Hari, P. and Kulmala, M.: Station for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere relations (SMEAR II), Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 315-322, 2005.
10.1029/2007JD009092 Heald, C. L., Henze, D. K., Horowitz, L. W., Feddema, J., Lamarque, J. F., Guenther, A., Hess, P. G., Vitt, F., Seinfeld, J. H., Goldstein, A. H., and Fung, I.: Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009092, 2008.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-5-67-2005 Holzinger, R., Lee, A., Paw, K. T., and Goldstein, A. H.: Observations of oxidation products above a forest imply biogenic emissions of very reactive compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 67-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-67-2005, 2005.

상세보기
10.1029/2003JD004326 Horii, C. V., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., Zahniser, M., Nelson, D., and McManus, J. B.: Fluxes of nitrogen oxides over a temperate deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004326, 2004.

상세보기
10.1038/ngeo3018 Hunter, J. F., Day, D. A., Palm, B. B., Yatavelli, R. L. N., Chan, A. H., Kaser, L., Cappellin, L., Hayes, P. L., Cross, E. S., Carrasquillo, A. J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Stark, H., Zhao, Y. L., Hohaus, T., Smith, J. N., Hansel, A., Karl, T., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A., Worsnop, D. R., Thornton, J. A., Heald, C. L., Jimenez, J. L., and Kroll, J. H.: Comprehensive characterization of atmospheric organic carbon at a forested site, Nat. Geosci., 10, 748-753, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo3018, 2017.

상세보기
Ilvesniemi, H. and Liu, C.: Biomass distribution in a young Scots pine stand, Boreal Environ. Res., 6, 3-8, 2001.
10.1039/C7FD00021A Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Massoli, P., O'Brien, R. E., Nowak, J. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Su, L., Knopf, D. A., Misztal, P. K., Arata, C., Goldstein, A. H., and Kroll, J. H.: Using advanced mass spectrometry techniques to fully characterize atmospheric organic carbon: current capabilities and remaining gaps, Faraday Discuss., 200, 579-598, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00021a, 2017.

상세보기
10.1126/science.1180353 Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.

상세보기
Junninen, H., Lauri, A., Keronen, P., Aalto, P., Hiltunen, V., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M.: Smart-SMEAR: on-line data exploration and visualization tool for SMEAR stations, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 447-457, 2009.
10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010 Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Petaja, T., Luosujarvi, L., Kotiaho, T., Kostiainen, R., Rohner, U., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: A high-resolution mass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion composition, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1039-1053, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010, 2010.

상세보기
10.1038/27179 Kavouras, I. G., Mihalopoulos, N., and Stephanou, E. G.: Formation of atmospheric particles from organic acids produced by forests, Nature, 395, 683-686, https://doi.org/10.1038/27179, 1998.

상세보기
10.1002/2016GL069239 Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mensah, A. A., Friese, E., Topping, D., Nemitz, E., Prevot, A. S. H., Aijala, M., Allan, J., Canonaco, F., Canagaratna, M., Carbone, S., Crippa, M., Dall Osto, M., Day, D. A., De Carlo, P., Di Marco, C. F., Elbern, H., Eriksson, A., Freney, E., Hao, L., Herrmann, H., Hildebrandt, L., Hillamo, R., Jimenez, J. L., Laaksonen, A., McFiggans, G., Mohr, C., O'Dowd, C., Otjes, R., Ovadnevaite, J., Pandis, S. N., Poulain, L., Schlag, P., Sellegri, K., Swietlicki, E., Tiitta, P., Vermeulen, A., Wahner, A., Worsnop, D., and Wu, H. C.: Ubiquity of organic nitrates from nighttime chemistry in the European submicron aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7735-7744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069239, 2016.

상세보기
10.1038/nchem.948 Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem., 3, 133-139, https://doi.org/10.1038/Nchem.948, 2011.

상세보기
Kulmala, M. Rannik, U, Pirjola, L., Dal Maso, M. Karimaki, J., Asmi, A., Jappinen, A., Karhu, V., Korhonen, H., Malvikko, S.-P., Puustinen, A., Raittila, J., Romakkaniemi, S., Suni, T., Yli-Koivisto, S., Paatero, J. Hari, P., and Vesala, T.: Characterization of atmospheric trace gas and aerosol concentrations at forest sites in southern and northern Finland using back trajectories, Boreal Environ. Res., 5, 315-336, 2000.
10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530402.x Kulmala, M., Hameri, K., Aalto, P. P., Makela, J. M., Pirjola, L., Nilsson, E. D., Buzorius, G., Rannik, U., Dal Maso, M., Seidl, W., Hoffman, T., Janson, R., Hansson, H. C., Viisanen, Y., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR), Tellus B, 53, 324-343, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530402.x, 2001.

상세보기
10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01038 Kurten, T., Moller, K. H., Nguyen, T. B., Schwantes, R. H., Misztal, P. K., Su, L. P., Wennberg, P. O., Fry, J. L., and Kjaergaard, H. G.: Alkoxy Radical Bond Scissions Explain the Anomalously Low Secondary Organic Aerosol and Organonitrate Yields From alpha-Pinene + NO3, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 8, 2826-2834, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01038, 2017.

상세보기
10.1021/es500362a Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Mohr, C., Kurten, T., Worsnop, D. R., and Thornton, J. A.: An Iodide-Adduct High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometer: Application to Atmospheric Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6309-6317, https://doi.org/10.1021/es500362a, 2014.

상세보기
10.1073/pnas.1508108113 Lee, B. H., Mohr, C., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Lutz, A., Hallquist, M., Lee, L., Romer, P., Cohen, R. C., Iyer, S., Kurten, T., Hu, W. W., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Jimenez, J. L., Xu, L., Ng, N. L., Guo, H. Y., Weber, R. J., Wild, R. J., Brown, S. S., Koss, A., de Gouw, J., Olson, K., Goldstein, A. H., Seco, R., Kim, S., McAvey, K., Shepson, P. B., Starn, T., Baumann, K., Edgerton, E. S., Liu, J. M., Shilling, J. E., Miller, D. O., Brune, W., Schobesberger, S., D'Ambro, E. L., and Thornton, J. A.: Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States: Contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 1516-1521, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508108113, 2016.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-18-3799-2018 Liebmann, J., Karu, E., Sobanski, N., Schuladen, J., Ehn, M., Schallhart, S., Quelever, L., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Hoffmann, T., Williams, J., Fischer, H., Lelieveld, J., and Crowley, J. N.: Direct measurement of NO3 radical reactivity in a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3799-3815, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3799-2018, 2018.

상세보기
10.1021/acs.est.6b01872 Liu, J. M., D'Ambro, E. L., Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Zaveri, R. A., Rivera-Rios, J. C., Keutsch, F. N., Iyer, S., Kurten, T., Zhang, Z. F., Gold, A., Surratt, J. D., Shilling, J. E., and Thornton, J. A.: Efficient Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from a Non-IEPDX Pathway, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 9872-9880, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01872, 2016.

상세보기
10.5194/amt-7-983-2014 Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Mohr, C., Ehn, M., Rubach, F., Kleist, E., Wildt, J., Mentel, T. F., Lutz, A., Hallquist, M., Worsnop, D., and Thornton, J. A.: A novel method for online analysis of gas and particle composition: description and evaluation of a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 983-1001, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-983-2014, 2014.

상세보기
10.5194/amt-9-1505-2016 Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Iyer, S., Mohr, C., Lee, B. H., D'Ambro, E. L., Kurten, T., and Thornton, J. A.: Constraining the sensitivity of iodide adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometry to multifunctional organic molecules using the collision limit and thermodynamic stability of iodide ion adducts, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1505-1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1505-2016, 2016a.

상세보기
10.1021/acs.est.5b04769 Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Mohr, C., D'Ambro, E. L., Lutz, A., Riedel, T. P., Gaston, C. J., Iyer, S., Zhang, Z., Gold, A., Surratt, J. D., Lee, B. H., Kurten, T., Hu, W. W., Jimenez, J., Hallquist, M., and Thornton, J. A.: Molecular Composition and Volatility of Organic Aerosol in the Southeastern US: Implications for IEPOX Derived SOA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2200-2209, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04769, 2016b.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014 Min, K. E., Pusede, S. E., Browne, E. C., LaFranchi, B. W., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO2 over a ponderosa pine ecosystem: observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NOx, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5495-5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014, 2014.

상세보기
10.1002/2017GL072718 Mohr, C., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Yli-Juuti, T., Heitto, A., Lutz, A., Hallquist, M., D'Ambro, E. L., Rissanen, M. P., Hao, L. Q., Schobesberger, S., Kulmala, M., Mauldin, R. L., Makkonen, U., Sipila, M., Petaja, T., and Thornton, J. A.: Ambient observations of dimers from terpene oxidation in the gas phase: Implications for new particle formation and growth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 2958-2966, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072718, 2017.

상세보기
10.1021/es201611n Nguyen, T. B., Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds and Oligomers in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed by Photooxidation of Isoprene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 6908-6918, https://doi.org/10.1021/es201611n, 2011.

상세보기
10.1038/ngeo1800 Paasonen, P., Asmi, A., Petaja, T., Kajos, M. K., Aijala, M., Junninen, H., Holst, T., Abbatt, J. P. D., Arneth, A., Birmili, W., van der Gon, H. D., Hamed, A., Hoffer, A., Laakso, L., Laaksonen, A., Leaitch, W. R., Plass-Dulmer, C., Pryor, S. C., Raisanen, P., Swietlicki, E., Wiedensohler, A., Worsnop, D. R., Kerminen, V. M., and Kulmala, M.: Warming-induced increase in aerosol number concentration likely to moderate climate change, Nat. Geosci., 6, 438-442, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo1800, 2013.

상세보기
10.1002/env.3170050203 Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111-126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.

상세보기
10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00199.1 Petaja, T., O'Connor, E. J., Moisseev, D., Sinclair, V. A., Manninen, A. J., Vaananen, R., von Lerber, A., Thorntoton, J. A., Nicocoll, K., Petersen, W., Chandrasekar, V., Smith, J. N., Winkler, P. M., Kruger, O., Hakola, H., Timonen, H., Brus, D., Laurila, T., Asmi, E., Riekkola, M. L., Mona, L., Massoli, P., Engelmann, R., Komppppula, M., Wang, J., Kuang, C. G., Back, J., Virtanen, A., Levula, J., Ritsche, M., and Hickmon, N.: BAECC: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Impact of Biogenic Aerosols on Clouds and Climate, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1909-1928, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-14-00199.1, 2016.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011 Riipinen, I., Pierce, J. R., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Hakkinen, S., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Petaja, T., Slowik, J., Chang, R., Shantz, N. C., Abbatt, J., Leaitch, W. R., Kerminen, V. M., Worsnop, D. R., Pandis, S. N., Donahue, N. M., and Kulmala, M.: Organic condensation: a vital link connecting aerosol formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3865-3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011, 2011.

상세보기
10.1002/2016GL069599 Schobesberger, S., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Taipale, D., Millet, D. B., D'Ambro, E. L., Rantala, P., Mammarella, I., Zhou, P. T., Wolfe, G. M., Lee, B. H., Boy, M., and Thornton, J. A.: High upward fluxes of formic acid from a boreal forest canopy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9342-9351, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069599, 2016.

상세보기
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics : from air pollution to climate change, Third edition. ed., xxvi, 1120 pp., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2016.
SMEAR: data available at: https://avaa.tdata.fi/web/smart/smear, last access: 30 July 2018.
10.5194/bg-11-5425-2014 Smolander, S., He, Q., Mogensen, D., Zhou, L., Back, J., Ruuskanen, T., Noe, S., Guenther, A., Aaltonen, H., Kulmala, M., and Boy, M.: Comparing three vegetation monoterpene emission models to measured gas concentrations with a model of meteorology, air chemistry and chemical transport, Biogeosciences, 11, 5425-5443, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5425-2014, 2014.

상세보기
10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530407.x Spanke, J., Rannik, U., Forkel, R., Nigge, W., and Hoffmann, T.: Emission fluxes and atmospheric degradation of monoterpenes above a boreal forest: field measurements and modelling, Tellus B, 53, 406-422, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530407.x, 2001.

상세보기
10.1002/2013GL057966 Spracklen, D. V. and Rap, A.: Natural aerosol-climate feedbacks suppressed by anthropogenic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5316-5319, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057966, 2013.

상세보기
10.1126/science.280.5368.1393 Steffen, W., Noble, I., Canadell, J., Apps, M., Schulze, E. D., Jarvis, P. G., Baldocchi, D., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Ehleringer, J., Farquhar, G., Field, C. B., Ghazi, A., Gifford, R., Heimann, M., Houghton, R., Kabat, P., Korner, C., Lambin, E., Linder, S., Mooney, H. A., Murdiyarso, D., Post, W. M., Prentice, I. C., Raupach, M. R., Schimel, D. S., Shvidenko, A., Valentini, R., and Grp, T. C. W.: The terrestrial carbon cycle: Implications for the Kyoto Protocol, Science, 280, 1393-1394, 1998.

상세보기
10.5194/acp-16-12715-2016 Yan, C., Nie, W., Aijala, M., Rissanen, M. P., Canagaratna, M. R., Massoli, P., Junninen, H., Jokinen, T., Sarnela, N., Hame, S. A. K., Schobesberger, S., Canonaco, F., Yao, L., Prevot, A. S. H., Petaja, T., Kulmala, M., Sipila, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Ehn, M.: Source characterization of highly oxidized multifunctional compounds in a boreal forest environment using positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12715-12731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12715-2016, 2016.

상세보기
10.1080/02786826.2012.712236 Yatavelli, R. L. N., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Wargo, J. D., Kimmel, J. R., Cubison, M. J., Bertram, T. H., Jimenez, J. L., Gonin, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Thornton, J. A.: A Chemical Ionization High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Coupled to a Micro Orifice Volatilization Impactor (MOVI-HRToF-CIMS) for Analysis of Gas and Particle-Phase Organic Species, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 1313-1327, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.712236, 2012.
10.5194/acp-2017-1098 Zha, Q., Yan, C., Junninen, H., Riva, M., Aalto, J., Quelever, L., Schallhart, S., Dada, L., Heikkinen, L., Perakyla, O., Zou, J., Rose, C., Wang, Y., Mammarella, I., Katul, G., Vesala, T., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., Petaja, T., Bianchi, F., and Ehn, M.: Vertical characterization of Highly Oxygenated Molecules (HOMs) below and above a boreal forest canopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-1098, in review, 2017.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증

Semi-volatile and highly oxygenated gaseous and particulate organic compounds observed above a boreal forest canopy 원문보기

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

참고문헌 (57)

이 논문을 인용한 문헌

관련 콘텐츠

원문 보기

원문 URL 링크

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

선택된 텍스트