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[해외논문] Ikoma Lyssavirus, Highly Divergent Novel Lyssavirus in an African Civet

Marston, Denise A. , Horton, Daniel L. , Ngeleja, Chanasa , Hampson, Katie , McElhinney, Lorraine M. , Banyard, Ashley C. , Haydon, Daniel , Cleaveland, Sarah , Rupprecht, Charles E. , Bigambo, Machunde , Fooks, Anthony R. , Lembo, Tiziana
Emerging infectious diseases v.18 no.4 ,pp. 664 - 667 , 2012 , 1080-6040 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Evidence in support of a novel lyssavirus was obtained from brain samples of an African civet in Tanzania. Results of phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences from representative Lyssavirus species and this novel lyssavirus provided strong empirical evidence that this is a new lyssavirus species, designated Ikoma lyssavirus.

[해외논문] [Genetic diversity of Lyssavirus] (Diversité génétique des Lyssavirus.)

Bahloul, C , Badrane, H , Sacramento, D , Fayaz, A , Loza-Rubio, E , Aguilar-Sé , tien, A , Bachir, K , Bourhy, H , Tordo, N
Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique v.93 no.3 ,pp. 181 2000 , 0037-9085 , Masson

Rabies is a zoonosis of which the archaeological agents belong to the Lyssavirus species. Seven genotypes are known to exist. The isolates are grouped according to a) their geographical origin, b) historical context, c) type of vector. In parts of the world where several epidemic cycles exist, practical tools have been developed in order to distinguish between them more easily. Vaccine strains--all of which have been elaborated from genotype 1--offer little or no protection against the other genotypes. It is thus necessary to work on extending vaccine coverage.

[해외논문] Un nouveau lyssavirus — le premier virus apparenté à la rage endémique isolé en Australie (A new lyssavirus — fhe first endemic rabies-related virus recognized in Australia)

Hooper, P.T. , Lunt, R.A. , Gould, A.R. , Samaratunga, H. , Hyatt, A.D. , Gleeson, L.J. , Rodwell, B.J. , Rupprecht, C.E. , Smith, J.S. , Murray, P.K.
Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur v.95 no.4 ,pp. 209 - 218 , 1997 , 0020-2452 , Elsevier

A previously undiscovered lyssavirus has been identified in fruit bats in Australia. Although close to classical rabies virus, antigenically and genetically, the Australian bat lyssavirus represents a new genotype. It causes central nervous system pathology in bats and has caused the death of one woman.

[해외논문] Evolution of epidemiology and new variants of Lyssavirus (Évolution de lépidémiologie de la rage et nouveaux variants de lyssavirus)

Bourhy, H
Médecine et maladies infectieuses : revue de la Société de pathologie infectieuse de langue française v.31 suppl.2 ,pp. 188 - 192 , 2001 , 0399-077x , Elsevier

AbstractIntrinsic viral factors and the human influence on the environment play a role in the constant evolution of the epidemiology of rabies. A large number of Lyssavirus variants have now been characterized and their distribution and animal hosts are known. Some of these variants, in particular those circulating on bats, are becoming more and more important from the public health point of view.

[해외논문] Novel Lyssavirus in Bat, Spain

Ceballos, Nidia Aréchiga , Morón, Sonia Vázquez , Berciano, José M. , Nicolás, Olga , López, Carolina Aznar , Juste, Javier , Nevado, Cristina Rodríguez , Setién, Álvaro Aguilar , Echevarría, Juan E.
Emerging infectious diseases v.19 no.5 ,pp. 793 - 795 , 2013 , 1080-6040 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

A new tentative lyssavirus, Lleida bat lyssavirus, was found in a bent-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) in Spain. It does not belong to phylogroups I or II, and it seems to be more closely related to the West Causasian bat virus, and especially to the Ikoma lyssavirus.

[해외논문] [Viruses and bats: rabies and Lyssavirus] (Virus et chauves-souris: Rage et Lyssavirus.)

Tordo, N , Marianneau, M Ph
Bulletin et mémoires de l'Académie royale de médecine de Belgique v.164 no.1/2 ,pp. 7 - 15 , 2009 , 0377-8231 , L'Académie

Recent emerging zoonoses (hemorrhagic fevers due to Ebola or Marburg virus, encephalitis due to Nipah virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome due to SRAS virus...) outline the potential of bats as vectors for transmission of infectious disease to humans. Such a potential is already known for rabies encephalitis since seven out of the eight genotypes of Lyssavirus are transmitted by bats. In addition, phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that Lyssavirus have evolved in chiropters before their emergence in carnivores. Nevertheless, carnivores remain the most critical vectors for public health, in particular dogs that are originating 55.000 rabies deaths per year, essentially in developing countries. Rabies control in carnivores by parenteral (dog) or oral (wild carnivores) vaccination is efficacious and campaigns start to be more widely applied. On the other hand, rabies control in bat still remains non realistic, particularly as the pathogenicity of bat Lyssavirus for bats is still under debate, suggesting that a "diplomatic relationship" between partners would have arisen from a long term cohabitation. While comparing the interactions that humans and bats establish with Lyssavirus, scientists try to understand the molecular basis ofpathogenicity in man, a indispensable prerequisite to identify antiviral targets in a perspective of therapy.

[해외논문] Assessing Rabies Vaccine Protection against a Novel Lyssavirus, Kotalahti Bat Lyssavirus

Shipley, Rebecca (Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, London KT15 3NB, UK) , Wright, Edward ( rebecca.shipley@apha.gov.uk (R.S.)) , Lean, Fabian Z. X. ( david.selden@apha.gov.uk (D.S.)) , Selden, David ( tony.fooks@apha.gov.uk (A.R.F.)) , Horton, Daniel L. (School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK) , Fooks, Anthony R. ( ew323@sussex.ac.uk) , Banyard, Ashley C. (Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK)
Viruses v.13 no.5 ,pp. 947 2021 , MDPI

Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by an important group of viruses within the Lyssavirus genus. The prototype virus, rabies virus, is still the most commonly reported lyssavirus and causes approximately 59,000 human fatalities annually. The human and animal burden of the other lyssavirus species is undefined. The original reports for the novel lyssavirus, Kotalahti bat lyssavirus (KBLV), were based on the detection of viral RNA alone. In this report we describe the successful generation of a live recombinant virus, cSN-KBLV; where the full-length genome clone of RABV vaccine strain, SAD-B19, was constructed with the glycoprotein of KBLV. Subsequent in vitro characterisation of cSN-KBLV is described here. In addition, the ability of a human rabies vaccine to confer protective immunity in vivo following challenge with this recombinant virus was assessed. Naïve or vaccinated mice were infected intracerebrally with a dose of 100 focus-forming units/30 µL of cSN-KBLV; all naïve mice and 8% (n = 1/12) of the vaccinated mice succumbed to the challenge, whilst 92% (n = 11/12) of the vaccinated mice survived to the end of the experiment. This report provides strong evidence for cross-neutralisation and cross-protection of cSN-KBLV using purified Vero cell rabies vaccine.

[해외논문] Non-rabies Lyssavirus human encephalitis from fruit bats: Australian bat Lyssavirus (pteropid Lyssavirus) infection

Samaratunga, , Searle, , Hudson,
Neuropathology and applied neurobiology v.24 no.4 ,pp. 331 - 335 , 1998 , 0305-1846 , Wiley (Blackwell Publishing)

A 39‐year‐old woman died of encephalitis a few weeks after being scratched by fruit bats. Autopsy disclosed meningoencephalomyelitis, and revealed neuronal intracytoplasmic inclusions which had similarities to Negri bodies of rabies. Laboratory investigations detected a Lyssavirus type previously identified only in fruit bats. This appears to be the first human case of encephalitis due to this Lyssavirus type.

[해외논문] Differential stability and fusion activity of Lyssavirus glycoprotein trimers

Desmézières, Emmanuel (Laboratoire des Lyssavirus, Dé) , Maillard, Antoine P (partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France) , Gaudin, Yves (Unité) , Tordo, Noël (de Virologie Molé) , Perrin, Pierre (culaire et Structurale (UMR 2472), CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France)
Virus research : an international journal of molecular and cellular virology v.91 no.2 ,pp. 181 - 187 , 2003 , 0168-1702 , Elsevier

AbstractThe oligomeric structure and the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein (G) was studied by comparing G from Mokola virus (GMok) and rabies virus (PV strain) (GPV), which are highly divergent lyssaviruses. G expressed at the surface of BSR cells upon either plasmid transfection or virus infection are shown to be mainly trimeric after cross-linking experiments. However, solubilization by a detergent (CHAPS) and analysis in sucrose sedimentation gradient evidenced that GMok trimer is less stable than GPV trimer. A chimeric glycoprotein (GMok–PV) associating the N-terminal half of GMok to the C-terminal half part of GPV formed trimers with an intermediate stability, indicating that the G C-terminal domain is essential in trimer stability. A cell to cell fusion assay revealed that GMok (and not GMok–PV) was able to induce fusion at a higher pH (0.5 pH unit) than GPV. Such differences in the oligomeric structure stability and in the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoproteins may partly account for the previously reported differences of their immunogenic and pathogenic properties.

[해외논문] European Bat Lyssavirus in Scottish Bats

Brookes, Sharon M. (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Surrey, United Kingdom) , Aegerter, James N. , Smith, Graham C. (Central Science Laboratory, York, United Kingdom) , Healy, Derek M. , Jolliffe, Tracey A. (Central Science Laboratory, York, United Kingdom) , Swift, Susan M. , Mackie, Iain J. (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Surrey, United Kingdom) , Pritchard, J. Stewart , Racey, Paul A. (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Surrey, United Kingdom) , Moore, Niall P. , Fooks, Anthony R. (University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom)
Emerging infectious diseases v.11 no.4 ,pp. 572 - 578 , 2005 , 1080-6040 , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Daubenton bats may roost infrequently in human dwellings, so risk for human contact is low.We report the first seroprevalence study of the occurrence of specific antibodies to European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) in Daubenton's bats. Bats were captured from 19 sites across eastern and southern Scotland. Samples from 198 Daubenton's bats, 20 Natterer's bats, and 6 Pipistrelle's bats were tested for EBLV-2. Blood samples (N = 94) were subjected to a modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test to determine antibody titer. From 0.05% to 3.8% (95% confidence interval) of Daubenton's bats were seropositive. Antibodies to EBLV-2 were not detected in the 2 other species tested. Mouth swabs (N = 218) were obtained, and RNA was extracted for a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR included pan lyssavirus-primers (N gene) and internal PCR control primers for ribosomal RNA. EBLV-2 RNA was not detected in any of the saliva samples tested, and live virus was not detected in virus isolation tests.

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