Biointerfaces configured to retain and viably maintain non-mammalian cells are disclosed. The biointerfaces may include one or more of a nutrient phase, an adhesive, a bioactive agent, a liquid containing phase. The biointerfaces may be patterned. The biointerfaces may specifically retain and viably
Biointerfaces configured to retain and viably maintain non-mammalian cells are disclosed. The biointerfaces may include one or more of a nutrient phase, an adhesive, a bioactive agent, a liquid containing phase. The biointerfaces may be patterned. The biointerfaces may specifically retain and viably retain specific non mammalian cell types such as spores of seaweed. The biointerfaces are used for growing seaweed such as dulse and kelp.
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1. A non-mammalian biointerface comprising a microstructure configured to retain and viably maintain viruses or non-mammalian cells, the microstructure being characterized by an average inter-fibril distance up to and including 200 μm. 2. A non-mammalian biointerface comprising a microstructure conf
1. A non-mammalian biointerface comprising a microstructure configured to retain and viably maintain viruses or non-mammalian cells, the microstructure being characterized by an average inter-fibril distance up to and including 200 μm. 2. A non-mammalian biointerface comprising a microstructure configured to retain and viably maintain viruses or non-mammalian cells, the microstructure configured to retain viruses or non-mammalian cells at least partially within the microstructure, the microstructure being characterized by an average pore size of up to and including 200 μm. 3. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 1, wherein the microstructure is characterized by an average inter-fibril distance from 1 to 200 μm. 4. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the microstructure is characterized by an average pore size from 1 to 200 μm. 5. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the microstructure is configured to retain spores. 6. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the microstructure is configured to retain bacteria. 7. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the microstructure is configured to retain microbes. 8. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-7, further comprising a nutrient phase associated with at least a portion of the non-mammalian biointerface. 9. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the nutrient phase is located within the microstructure, located on the microstructure, or located both within the microstructure and on the microstructure. 10. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the nutrient phase is present as a coating on a surface of the non-mammalian biointerface. 11. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 8-10, wherein the nutrient phase acts as a chemoattractant to selectively attract the viruses or non-mammalian cells to predetermined locations of the non-mammalian biointerface to which the nutrient phase is applied or included. 12. The non-mammalian biointerface of any of claims 8-11, wherein the nutrient phase is configured to i) promote growth and/or proliferation of the viruses or non-mammalian cells within the microstructure, and/or ii) maintain and/or encourage attachment to and integration within the microstructure of the viruses or non-mammalian cells to the microstructure. 13. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-12, further comprising a liquid containing phase associated with at least a portion of the non-mammalian biointerface. 14. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the liquid containing phase is entrained within the microstructure, entrained on the microstructure, or entrained both within the microstructure and on the microstructure. 15. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the liquid containing phase is present as a coating on a surface of the non-mammalian biointerface. 16. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 13-15, wherein the liquid containing phase comprises a hydrogel, a slurry, a paste, or a combination thereof. 17. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-16, further comprising a plurality of viruses or non-mammalian cells retained by the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 18. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface includes a fibrillated material having a microstructure including a plurality of fibrils defining an average inter-fibril distance. 19. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface comprises a material having an average density from 0.1 to 1.0 g/cm3. 20. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 19, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface includes a growth medium comprising the material, and a ratio of the average inter-fibril distance (μm) to the average density (g/cm3) of the fibrillated material is from 1 to 2000. 21. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface is configured as a fiber, a membrane, a woven article, a non-woven article, a braided article, a knit article, a fabric, a particulate dispersion, or combinations of two or more of the foregoing. 22. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface includes at least one of a backer layer, a carrier layer, a laminate of a plurality of layers, a composite material, or combinations thereof. 23. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-22, wherein at least a portion of the non-mammalian biointerface is hydrophilic. 24. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-23, wherein at least a portion of the non-mammalian biointerface is hydrophobic. 25. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-24, wherein one or more portions of the non-mammalian biointerface is hydrophobic and one or more portions of the non-mammalian biointerface is hydrophilic such that the non-mammalian biointerface is configured to selectively encourage retention of the viruses or non-mammalian cells in the one or more hydrophilic portions of the non-mammalian biointerface. 26. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface comprises an expanded fluoropolymer. 27. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 8-25, wherein the biointerface comprises an expanded fluoropolymer wherein the nutrient phase is co-blended with the expanded fluoropolymer. 28. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 26 or claim 27, wherein the expanded fluoropolymer is one of: expanded fluorinated ethylene propylene (eFEP), porous perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), expanded ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (eETFE), expanded vinylidene fluoride co-tetrafluoroethylene or trifluoroethylene polymer (eVDF-co-(TFE or TrFE)), and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). 29. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface comprises an expanded thermoplastic polymer. 30. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 29, wherein the expanded thermoplastic polymer is one of: expanded polyester sulfone (ePES), expanded ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (eUHMWPE), expanded polylactic acid (ePLA), and expanded polyethylene (ePE). 31. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface comprises an expanded polymer. 32. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 8-25 and 31, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface comprises an expanded polymer wherein the nutrient phase is co-blended with the expanded polymer. 33. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 31 or claim 32, wherein the expanded polymer is expanded polyurethane (ePU). 34. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the non-mammalian biointerface comprises a polymer formed by expanded chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 35. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 34, wherein the polymer formed by expanded CVD is expanded polyparaxylylene (ePPX). 36. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-35, further comprising a bioactive agent associated with the non-mammalian biointerface. 37. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-36, further comprising an adhesive applied to a surface of the microstructure, imbibed within the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface, or both applied to a surface of the microstructure and imbibed within the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 38. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-36, further comprising a salt associated with the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 39. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 38, wherein the salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). 40. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-39, wherein the microstructure includes a pattern of higher density portions and lower density portions, the lower density portions corresponding to a portion of the microstructure configured to retain spores on and/or within the microstructure of the microstructure. 41. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 40, wherein the lower density areas are characterized by a density of 1 g/cm3 or less and the higher density portions are characterized by a density of 1.7 g/cm3 or more. 42. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the microstructure includes a pattern of higher porosity portions and lower porosity portions, the lower porosity portions corresponding to a portion of the microstructure configured to retain viruses or non-mammalian cells within the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 43. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the microstructure includes a pattern of higher porosity portions and lower porosity portions, the higher porosity portions corresponding to a portion of the microstructure configured to retain viruses or non-mammalian cells within the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 44. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-43, wherein the microstructure includes a pattern of greater inter-fibril distance portions and lower inter-fibril distance portions, the lower inter-fibril distance portions corresponding to the portion of the microstructure configured to retain spores within the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 45. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-43, wherein the microstructure includes a pattern of greater inter-fibril distance portions and lower inter-fibril distance portions, the greater inter-fibril distance portions corresponding to the portion of the microstructure configured to retain spores within the microstructure of the non-mammalian biointerface. 46. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 44 or claim 45, wherein the pattern is an organized or selective pattern. 47. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 44 or claim 45, wherein the pattern is a random pattern. 48. The non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-25 and 36-47, wherein the microstructure is provided by a plurality of particles in a dispersion formulated for deposition onto a backer layer or a carrier substrate to form the non-mammalian biointerface. 49. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 48, wherein the plurality of particles comprises particles of an expanded fluoropolymer. 50. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 49, wherein the expanded fluoropolymer is one of: expanded fluorinated ethylene propylene (eFEP), porous perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), expanded ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (eETFE), expanded vinylidene fluoride co-tetrafluoroethylene or trifluoroethylene polymer (eVDF-co-(TFE or TrFE)), and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). 51. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 48, wherein the plurality of particles comprises particles of an expanded thermoplastic polymer. 52. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 51, wherein the expanded thermoplastic polymer is one of: expanded polyester sulfone (ePES), expanded ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (eUHMWPE), expanded polylactic acid (ePLA), and expanded polyethylene (ePE). 53. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 48, wherein the plurality of particles comprises particles of an expanded polymer. 54. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 53, wherein the expanded polymer is expanded polyurethane (ePU). 55. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 48, wherein the plurality of particles comprises a polymer formed by expanded chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 56. The non-mammalian biointerface of claim 55, wherein the polymer is polyparaxylylene (ePPX). 57. A method for cultivating a non-mammalian cell, comprising contacting a population of non-mammalian cells with the non-mammalian biointerface of any one of claims 1-56 until at least a portion of the population of non-mammalian cells is retained by the non-mammalian biointerface.
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