초록

Hydrocarbonaceous solids are pyrolyzed in a process employing a series of alternate pyrolysis zones and combustion zones preferably arranged along an incline. In particular, low grade hydrocarbonaceous solids are employed to supplement combustion in these alternating combustion zones.

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1. A process for pyrolyzing a first particulate hydrocarbonaceous solid in a series of alternating heating zones and pyrolysis zones, which comprises: (a) burning a first fraction of a second particulate hydrocarbonaceous solid which is leaner than said first hydrocarbonaceous solid in the presen

1. A process for pyrolyzing a first particulate hydrocarbonaceous solid in a series of alternating heating zones and pyrolysis zones, which comprises: (a) burning a first fraction of a second particulate hydrocarbonaceous solid which is leaner than said first hydrocarbonaceous solid in the presence of oxygen in a first heating zone, thereby heating a heat transfer solid to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the first hydrocarbonaceous solid; (b) mixing at least a portion of the hot heat transfer solid from the first heating zone with a first fraction of the first hydrocarbonaceous solid in a first pyrolysis zone, thereby heating the first fraction of the first hydrocarbonaceous solid to a pyrolyzing temperature, whereby volatile hydrocarbons and pyrolyzed solid containing a carbonaceous residue are formed; (c) recovering the volatile hydrocarbons from the first pyrolysis zone as product vapors, and withdrawing pyrolyzed solid and heat transfer solid from the first pyrolysis zone; (d) burning a second fraction of the second hydrocarbonaceous solid and the carbonaceous residue remaining in the pyrolyzed solid from the first pyrolysis zone in the presence of oxygen in a second heating zone, thereby forming additional heat transfer solid; (e) mixing at least a portion of the hot heat transfer solid from the second heating zone with a second fraction of the first hydrocarbonaceous solid in a second pyrolysis zone, thereby heating the second fraction of the first hydrocarbonaceous solid to the pyrolyzing temperature, whereby volatile hydrocarbons and pyrolyzed solid containing a carbonaceous residue are formed; and (f) recovering the volatile hydrocarbons from the second pyrolysis zone as product vapors, and withdrawing pyrolyzed solid and heat transfer solid from the second pyrolysis zone. 2. The process of claim 1 which further comprises at least one additional pair of heating and pyrolysis zones arranged serially so that steps (d), (e), and (f) of claim 1 are repeated in each pair of zones. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one of the heating zones comprises a fluidized bed. 4. The process of claim 3 wherein each of the heating zones comprises a fluidized bed. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one of the pyrolysis zones comprises a staged turbulent bed. 6. The process of claim 5 wherein each of the pyrolysis zones comprises a staged turbulent bed. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the first hydrocarbonaceous solid comprises oil shale. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the second hydrocarbonaceous solid comprises oil shale. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the heat transfer solid comprises burned oil shale. 10. The process of claim 8 wherein the heat transfer solid consists essentially of burned oil shale. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the first hydrocarbonaceous solid is heated to a temperature between 850° F. and 1000° F. in each pyrolysis zone. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein an inert stripping gas is used to aid in the recovery of volatile hydrocarbons from each pyrolysis zone. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the inert stripping gas comprises steam. 14. The process of claim 12 wherein the inert stripping gas comprises noncondensible retort gas. 15. The process of claim 12 wherein the inert stripping gas comprises natural gas. 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the alternating heating zones and pyrolysis zones are arranged on an incline so that solids pass from one zone to the next by gravity flow. 17. A process for pyrolyzing a particulate rich oil shale in a series of alternating heating zones and pyrolysis zones, which comprises: (a) burning a first fraction of a lean oil shale in the presence of oxygen in a first fluidized bed heating zone, thereby forming a burned shale at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the rich shale; (b) mixing at least a portion of the burned shale from the first heating zone with a first fraction of the rich oil shale in a first staged turbulent bed pyrolysis zone, thereby heating the first fraction of the rich oil shale to a pyrolyzing temperature, while introducing an inert stripping gas comprising steam into the first pyrolysis zone, whereby volatile hydrocarbons and pyrolyzed shale containing a carbonaceous residue are formed; (c) recovering the volatile hydrocarbons from the first pyrolysis zone with the aid of the stripping gas as product vapors, and withdrawing pyrolyzed shale and burned shale from the first pyrolysis zone; (d) burning a second fraction of lean oil shale and the carbonaceous residue remaining on the pyrolyzed shale from the first pyrolysis zone in the presence of oxygen in a second fluidized bed heating zone, thereby forming additional burned shale; (e) mixing at least a portion of the burned shale from the second heating zone with a second fraction of the rich oil shale in a second staged turbulent bed pyrolysis zone, thereby heating the second fraction of the rich oil shale to a pyrolyzing temperature, while introducing an inert stripping gas comprising steam into the second pyrolysis zone; whereby volatile hydrocarbons and pyrolyzed shale containing a carbonaceous residue are formed; and (f) recovering the volatile hydrocarbons from the second pyrolysis zone with the aid of the stripping gas as product vapors, and withdrawing pyrolyzed shale and burned shale from the second pyrolysis zone. 18. The process of claim 17 wherein the alternating heating zones and pyrolysis zones are arranged on an incline so that solids pass from one zone to another by gravity flow.