초록 ▼

A fuel injector assembly is provided which includes a pressurization control valve assembly and a timing control valve assembly. A pressure actuated needle valve is positioned between the pressurization and timing control valves. Pressure within the injector is controlled by opening and closing such

A fuel injector assembly is provided which includes a pressurization control valve assembly and a timing control valve assembly. A pressure actuated needle valve is positioned between the pressurization and timing control valves. Pressure within the injector is controlled by opening and closing such valve assemblies. In particular, when the pressurization control valve assembly is open and the timing control valve is closed there will be pressure equilibrium within the injector and a spring will hold the needle valve closed. When the pressurization and timing control valves are both closed, fuel in the injector will be pressurized. Upon opening the timing control valve assembly, there will be a net upward force which will open the needle valve. Closing of the timing control valve assembly will create a net downward force closing the needle valve.

대표청구항 ▼

A fuel injector assembly is provided which includes a pressurization control valve assembly and a timing control valve assembly. A pressure actuated needle valve is positioned between the pressurization and timing control valves. Pressure within the injector is controlled by opening and closing such

A fuel injector assembly is provided which includes a pressurization control valve assembly and a timing control valve assembly. A pressure actuated needle valve is positioned between the pressurization and timing control valves. Pressure within the injector is controlled by opening and closing such valve assemblies. In particular, when the pressurization control valve assembly is open and the timing control valve is closed there will be pressure equilibrium within the injector and a spring will hold the needle valve closed. When the pressurization and timing control valves are both closed, fuel in the injector will be pressurized. Upon opening the timing control valve assembly, there will be a net upward force which will open the needle valve. Closing of the timing control valve assembly will create a net downward force closing the needle valve. s cooled to a temperature below approximately 374° C. during said cooling step. 6. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein an exchange fluid is used to transport heat from said gas turbine to the organic material to preheat the organic material. 7. A method as recited in claim 1 further comprising the steps of: using waste heat from said gas turbine to produce steam; and passing said steam through a steam turbine to produce energy. 8. A method as recited in claim 1 further comprising the steps of: reducing the pressure of said extracted gas; and separating said reduced pressure gas into fractions using a gas separator. 9. A method as recited in claim 8 further comprising the step of: using at least one said fraction in a fuel cell. 10. A method as recited in claim 8 further comprising the step of: reducing the pressure of at least one said gas fraction in a gas pressure let-down device to produce energy. 11. A method as recited in claim 8 further comprising the steps of: reducing the pressure of at least one said gas fraction in a gas pressure let-down device that is coupled to an air compressor; using said air compressor to compress air; and injecting said compressed air into said gas turbine. 12. A method as recited in claim 1 further comprising the step of: depressurizing said condensate. 13. A system for processing an organic material to produce energy, said system comprising: a reactor vessel for hydrothermally treating the organic material with water to produce an effluent; a first heat exchanger for cooling said effluent to a temperature sufficient to condense water vapor in said effluent; a gas-liquid separator for separating said cooled effluent into a gaseous stream and a residnal stream; a gas turbine for combusting at least a portion of said gaseous stream to produce energy and waste heat; and a second heat exchanger for removing said waste heat from said gas turbine and using said waste heat to preheat the organic material. 14. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising a means for passing the organic material directly through said first heat exchanger to preheat the organic material prior to introducing the organic material into said reactor vessel. 15. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising: a third heat exchanger for preheating the organic material prior to introduction into said reactor vessel; and a means for passing an exchange fluid through said first and third heat exchangers to transfer heat from said effluent to the organic material. 16. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising: a third heat exchanger for preheating the organic material prior to introduction into said reactor vessel; and a means for passing an exchange fluid through said second and third heat exchangers to transfer said waste heat from said gas turbine to the organic material prior to introduction into said reactor vessel. 17. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising: a third heat exchanger for preheating the organic material prior to introduction into said reactor vessel; and a means for passing an exchange fluid through said first, second and third heat exchangers to transfer said waste heat from said gas turbine and said heat from said effluent to the organic material prior to introduction into said reactor vessel. 18. A system as recited in claim 13 wherein said first heat exchanger is configured to cool said effluent to a temperature below approximately 374° C. 19. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising: a third heat exchanger for using waste heat from said gas turbine to produce steam; and a steam turbine for using said steam to produce energy. 20. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising a means for maintaining the organic material and water at a temperature between approximately 374° C. and approximately 800° C. and a pressure above approximately 25 bar in said reactor vessel to gasify at least a portion of the organic material. 21. A system as recited in claim 13 further comprising a partial pressure reduction valve and a gas separator to depressurize and separate said gaseous stream into fractions. 22. A method for processing feedstock having an organic constituent, said method comprising the steps of: introducing said feedstock into a reactor vessel; hydrothermally treating said feedstock to produce an effluent containing gases; cooling said effluent to a temperature sufficient to condense water vapor in said effluent to create a condensate; extracting gas from said cooled effluent; introducing said extracted gas into a gas turbine to produce energy and waste heat; and using said waste heat to preheat said feedstock prior to said hydrothermally treating step. 23. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock comprises a waste material. 24. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock comprises sewage. 25. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock comprises municipal solid waste. 26. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock comprises biologically digested sewage. 27. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock comprises a petroleum based raw material. 28. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock is processed to produce a gas product. 29. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock is processed to produce a liquid product. 30. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock is processed to produce energy. 31. A method as recited in claim 22 wherein said feedstock is processed to convert a hazardous constituent in said feedstock into a non-hazardous constituent. 32. A method as recited in claim 22 further comprising the step of introducing an additive into said reactor vessel. 33. A method as recited in claim 32 wherein said additive is introduced to neutralize said effluent. 34. A method as recited in claim 33 wherein said additive is selected from the group of neutralizers consisting of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2,H2SO4,H3PO4,and HCl. 35. A method as recited in claim 34 wherein said waste heat is used to regenerate Ca(OH)2from CaCO3. 36. A method as recited in claim 32 wherein said additive is introduced to assist salt transport. 37. A method as recited in claim 36 wherein said additive is selected from the group consisting of H3PO4,NaH2PO4,Na2HPO4and Na3PO4. 38. A method as recited in claim 36 wherein said additive is an inert solid. 39. A method as recited in claim 32 wherein said additive is a catalyst. 40. A method as recited in claim 32 wherein said additive is a CO2getter. 41. A method as recited in claim 40 wherein said additive is selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)2. 42. A method as recited in claim 22 further comprising the step of: using a catalytic converter to convert said extracted gas prior to introducing said extracted gas into said gas turbine. 43. A method as recited in claim 42 further comprising the step of: heating said extracted gas prior to catalytic conversion. 44. A method as recited in claim 43 wherein heat from said cooling step is used to heat said extracted gas. 45. A method as recited in claim 42 further comprising the step of: recovering heat from said converted gas and using said heat to preheat said feedstock. 46. A method as recited in claim 22 further comprising the step of: recovering heat from said condensate and using said heat to preheat said feedstock. rential direction around said cylinder chamber and a pair of upright surfaces on respective ends of said cylinder tube, said outer periphery of said cylinder tube comprising an upper surface, a pair of sloped surfaces extending from said upper surface, a pair of side surfaces extending from said slopes, and a bottom surface extending to said side surfaces, wherein chamfered portions are formed between said upper surface and said pair of slopes, between said slopes and said side surfaces and between said pair of side surfaces and said bottom surface, respectively, and each of said upper surfaces, said pair of sloped surfaces, said pair of side surfaces and said bottom surface comprises a convexly curved surface having a predetermined radius of curvature. 2. A cylinder including a piston and a piston rod to be integrally displaced along a cylinder chamber under the action of a pressurized fluid fed to said cylinder chamber through pressurized fluid inlet/outlet ports, comprising: a cylinder tube; a cover member joined to an end portion of said cylinder tube for forming a cylinder chamber; and a sealing member fitted in a joint portion between said cylinder tube and said cover member, wherein said sealing member has a clamped portion that is squeezed in a radial direction of said cylinder chamber and clamped by an annular ridge formed on one of an inner circumference of said cylinder tube and an outer circumference of said cover member, said clamped portion protruding outwardly from said cover member and said cylinder tube. 3. A position detecting sensor for detecting a position of a piston fitted in a cylinder chamber in a cylinder tube, comprising: a detecting element for detecting a magnetic field of a magnet fitted on a piston; and a sensor body enclosing said detecting element, wherein: said sensor body has an outer periphery formed of surfaces curved convexly outward and a chamfered portion; said sensor body includes a casing having mounting holes formed therethrough in a direction generally perpendicular to a mounting surface for a cylinder; and a resin member having said detecting element molded therein is integrally fitted in a recess of said casing. 4. A position detecting sensor according to claim 3, further comprising a sealing member mounted on said mounting surface of said sensor body for said cylinder, for blocking invasion of liquid. 5. A position detecting sensor for detecting a position of a piston fitted in a cylinder chamber in a cylinder tube, comprising: a detecting element for detecting a magnetic field of a magnet fitted on a piston; and a sensor body enclosing said detecting element, wherein said sensor body has an outer periphery formed of surfaces curved convexly outward and a chamfered portion, and further comprising screw members adapted to be inserted into mounting holes for mounting said sensor body on a side surface of said cylinder, wherein sealing members are provided at heads of said screw members for blocking invasion of liquid into said mounting holes. 6. A position detecting sensor for detecting a position of a piston fitted in a cylinder chamber in a cylinder tube, comprising: a detecting element for detecting a magnetic field of a magnet fitted on a piston; and a sensor body enclosing said detecting element, wherein: said sensor body has an outer periphery formed of surfaces curved convexly outward and a chamfered portion; said sensor body includes a casing and a cover member adapted to be removably mounted on said casing; said casing has slots formed therein and adapted to be engaged by screw members to be screwed in a side surface of a cylinder; and said casing can be displaced along said slots. 7. A position detecting sensor for detecting a position of a piston fitted in a cylinder chamber in a cylinder tube, comprising: a detecting element for detecting a magnetic field of a magnet fitted on a piston; and a sensor body enclosing said detecti