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An improved apparatus including a thermocouple for measuring the temperature in a gasification process is provided. The improvement includes a sapphire reinforced outer protection tube for enclosing at least a portion of the thermocouple. The sapphire reinforced outer protection tube may be integral

An improved apparatus including a thermocouple for measuring the temperature in a gasification process is provided. The improvement includes a sapphire reinforced outer protection tube for enclosing at least a portion of the thermocouple. The sapphire reinforced outer protection tube may be integrally formed around an inner protection tube, the inner protection tube being receptive of a sapphire-sheathed thermocouple. The apparatus may be inserted directly into a gasification stream without the use of a thermowell. The sapphire reinforced outer protection tube increases the life of the thermocouples used in gasification processes.

대표청구항 ▼

An improved apparatus including a thermocouple for measuring the temperature in a gasification process is provided. The improvement includes a sapphire reinforced outer protection tube for enclosing at least a portion of the thermocouple. The sapphire reinforced outer protection tube may be integral

An improved apparatus including a thermocouple for measuring the temperature in a gasification process is provided. The improvement includes a sapphire reinforced outer protection tube for enclosing at least a portion of the thermocouple. The sapphire reinforced outer protection tube may be integrally formed around an inner protection tube, the inner protection tube being receptive of a sapphire-sheathed thermocouple. The apparatus may be inserted directly into a gasification stream without the use of a thermowell. The sapphire reinforced outer protection tube increases the life of the thermocouples used in gasification processes. the first received signal information is a reflectivity factor. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the first transmitted electromagnetic signal is a reference signal for estimation of attenuation. 17. A software product for determining temperature of a physical medium using remote measurements comprising: processing software operational when executed by a processor to direct the processor to receive a first received signal from an interaction of a first transmitted pulsed radar signal with the physical medium, receive a second received signal from the interaction of a second transmitted pulsed radar signal with the physical medium, receive a third received signal from the interaction of a third transmitted pulsed radar signal with the physical medium, determine a first received signal information based on the first received signal, determine a second received signal information based on the second received signal, determine a third received signal information based on the third received signal, determine attenuation differences between the first received signal information, the second received signal information, and the third received signal information, and determine the temperature of the physical medium based on the attenuation differences between the first received signal information, the second received signal information, and the third received signal information; and a software storage medium operational to store the processing software. 18. The software product of claim 17 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to generate and transmit the first transmitted pulsed radar signal into the physical medium, generate and transmit the second transmitted pulsed radar signal into the physical medium, and generate and transmit the third transmitted pulsed radar signal into the physical medium. 19. The software product of claim 17 wherein the physical medium comprises particles. 20. The software product of claim 17 wherein the physical medium comprises scatterers. 21. The software product of claim 17 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine a specific mass of the physical medium. 22. The software product of claim 21 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine the specific mass of the physical medium based on the temperature. 23. The software product of claim 21 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine the specific mass of the physical medium based on the first received signal information, the second received signal information, and the third received signal information. 24. The software product of claim 17 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine a characteristic size of the physical medium. 25. The software product of claim 24 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine the characteristic size based on the temperature. 26. The software product of claim 24 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine the characteristic size based on the at least one first received signal information. 27. The software product of claim 17 wherein the processing software is operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to determine a first one of the attenuation differences based on the first received signal information and the second received signal information, determine a second one of the attenuation differences based on the first received signal information and the third received signal information, determine a ratio of the first one of the attenuation differences and the second one of the attenuation differences, and determine