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A simply constituted touch panel featuring a high transparency and a high sensitivity. A transverse source of light 112 is arranged along one transverse side wall of a polymer sheet 10 of the shape of a flat plate via a film 111 for polarizing light from the transverse light source, and a longitudin

A simply constituted touch panel featuring a high transparency and a high sensitivity. A transverse source of light 112 is arranged along one transverse side wall of a polymer sheet 10 of the shape of a flat plate via a film 111 for polarizing light from the transverse light source, and a longitudinal source of light 122 is arranged along a longitudinal side surface thereof via a film 121 for polarizing light from the longitudinal light source. A transverse light sensor array 114 is arranged along the other transverse side surface via a film 113 for polarizing transversely transmitted light, and a longitudinal light sensor array 24 is arranged along the other longitudinal side surface via a film 123 for polarizing vertically transmitted light. Light emitted from the light source and is incident on the sheet via the film for polarizing light from the light source, passes through the sheet and falls on the light sensor array through the film for polarizing transmitted light. When the sheet is depressed, the direction of polarization of part of the light is turned by 90 degrees due to double refraction. When the polarizing films have the same polarizing directions, therefore, the position where light of a decreased quantity is detected is determined to be a depression position.

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A simply constituted touch panel featuring a high transparency and a high sensitivity. A transverse source of light 112 is arranged along one transverse side wall of a polymer sheet 10 of the shape of a flat plate via a film 111 for polarizing light from the transverse light source, and a longitudin

A simply constituted touch panel featuring a high transparency and a high sensitivity. A transverse source of light 112 is arranged along one transverse side wall of a polymer sheet 10 of the shape of a flat plate via a film 111 for polarizing light from the transverse light source, and a longitudinal source of light 122 is arranged along a longitudinal side surface thereof via a film 121 for polarizing light from the longitudinal light source. A transverse light sensor array 114 is arranged along the other transverse side surface via a film 113 for polarizing transversely transmitted light, and a longitudinal light sensor array 24 is arranged along the other longitudinal side surface via a film 123 for polarizing vertically transmitted light. Light emitted from the light source and is incident on the sheet via the film for polarizing light from the light source, passes through the sheet and falls on the light sensor array through the film for polarizing transmitted light. When the sheet is depressed, the direction of polarization of part of the light is turned by 90 degrees due to double refraction. When the polarizing films have the same polarizing directions, therefore, the position where light of a decreased quantity is detected is determined to be a depression position. s and said clamping means are housed within an enclosure, and said enclosure has an external opening through which said flexible member can be received. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said enclosure is a component of a manikin. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising display means, coupled to the processor means, displaying an image of the instantaneous position of the flexible member and/or a section of the total path taken from a stored record accessed by said processor means. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising activation means, coupled to the processor means, in operation causing the selective display of the instantaneous position or said section of the total path. 12. A system for the simulation of image guided surgery, comprising: a thin flexible member that can be manipulated by a user, the flexible member being of two parts, one sliding within the other in the form of a catheter and guidewire; positional transducer means responsive to said flexible member to produce signals representative of displacement and rotation of said flexible member, said signals being representative of displacement and rotation of said catheter and representative of displacement and rotation of said guidewire; clamping means locating proximate said transducer means, and operable to respond to a controlling signal to apply a predetermined variable clamping force to the flexible member; processor means receiving said displacement and rotation signals, and programmed to plot the path of the flexible member therefrom as it is manipulated by the user and to produce said controlling signal in response to the instantaneous position along the path taken from a predetermined simulation of the path; and display means, coupled to the processor means, to display an image of at least the instantaneous position of the flexible wire therealong. 13. The system of claim 12, further comprising at least one input device, coupled to the processor means, operable to cause the path to be displayed. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein said input device is a foot operated switch. 15. The system of claim 12, further comprising an input device, coupled to the processor means, operable to cause an image of a portion of the path to be displayed. 16. The system of claim 12, further comprising an input device to the processor means simulating a syringe, comprising a hand operable plunger mechanically connected with a transducer to provide an electrical signal representative of displacement of said plunger. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said syringe transducer provides an electrical signal representative of rate of displacement. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the simulated syringe includes resistive means operable under control of the processor means, to provide a predetermined resistive force to the plunger. 19. The system of claim 12, wherein at least said transducer means and said clamping means are housed within an enclosure, and said enclosure has an external opening through which said flexible member can be received. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the enclosure further includes input control devices mounted on an external surface thereof, and coupled to the processor means. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the input control devices are effective to cause the processor means to control operation of images displayed on the display means. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the display devices comprise at least two monitors, a first displaying an image of the instantaneous position of the flexible member, and a second displaying image of at least a portion of the total path taken from a stored record accessed by said processor means. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein said displayed images are simulated x-ray, cine or fluoroscopic images. 24. The system of claim 12, wherein the positional transducer means comprises a rolling ball engaging the flexible member and further engaging two orthogonally arranged rotary en coders that generate the respective displacement and rotation signals. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the positional transducer means comprises two roller and encoder assemblies, each arranged orthogonally to the other, and engaging the flexible member, the respective encoder generating the respective displacement and rotation signals. 26. The system of claim 24 or 25, wherein the positional transducer means comprises opposed clamp members and an actuator, the actuator being operable in response to the controlling signal to cause relative movement of the clamp members to apply or reduce the clamping force. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the actuator is a stepper motor, a servo-motor, or a linear motor. 28. The system of claim 25, wherein said clamping means comprises a pair of cushions means connected to a respective actuator, each cushion means being engageable with a respective said roller, under control of the respective actuator, to apply or reduce the clamping force. 29. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the positional transducer means and clamping means are separate and each is responsive to a respective one of the catheter and the guidewire, and wherein the processor plots the path of both the catheter and the guidewire and controls the clamping force applied to each. 30. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor means includes a memory that stores a plurality of images relating to vasculature available for display on the display means and a mathematical model of said vasculature from which said controlling signal is derived. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the mathematical model is based on an incremental Finite Element Method technique. 32. A system for the simulation of image guided surgery, comprising: a guidewire slidably contained within a catheter, each of which can be separately manipulated by a user; two positional transducer means responsive to said guidewire and said catheter respectively, and producing separate signals, one of said signals being representative of displacement and rotation of said catheter and another of said signals being representative of displacement and rotation of said guidewire; clamping means located proximate each said transducer means, and operable to respond to a respective controlling signal to apply a predetermined variable clamping force to the guidewire or catheter; processor means receiving said displacement and rotation signals, and programmed to plot the path of guidewire and the catheter as they are separately manipulated by the user and to produce said controlling signals in response to the instantaneous position along the path taken from a predetermined simulation of the path; display means coupled to the processor means, to display an image of the instantaneous position of the guidewire and catheter and an image of at least a portion of said path; and input devices, coupled to said processor means, by which a user, can cause display of an image of the instantaneous position or the portion of the path. 33. A method for the simulation of image guided surgery, the method comprising the steps of: transducing the displacement and rotation of a catheter and transducing the displacement and rotation of a guidewire, the guidewire sliding within the catheter and the guidewire and catheter being parts of a thin flexible member manipulated by a user; plotting the path of the flexible member along a simulated path representing vasculature; user selectably displaying an image of the instantaneous position of the flexible member along the path and/or a portion of the path; and applying a predetermined variable clamping force to the flexible member in accordance with the instantaneous position of the flexible member. 34. The method of claim 33, whereby the flexible member comprises two independent components and the steps of transducing, plotting, displaying and applying a clamping force occur for each of the components. 35. The method of claim 34, c omprising the further step of receiving an input from a device representative of syringe activation, and causing said activation to be displayed. 36. The method of claim 35, comprising the further step of applying a predetermined clamping force to the device. 37. The method of claim 33, comprising the further steps of: storing a plurality of images relating to vasculature as said images to be displayed; storing a mathematical model of the vasculature; and calculating a controlling signal to control said clamping force. 38. The method of claim 37, whereby said mathematical model is based on an incremental Finite Element Method technique.