초록 ▼

A transdermal drug delivery system having at least one patch (20) with an electrosmotic, electro porous membrane (26) comprised of an inert biochemical substance which becomes actively electro-osmotic when an electric charge is passed through the membrane enabling a drug solution passing through to

A transdermal drug delivery system having at least one patch (20) with an electrosmotic, electro porous membrane (26) comprised of an inert biochemical substance which becomes actively electro-osmotic when an electric charge is passed through the membrane enabling a drug solution passing through to a skin surface to create an electroporative effect. The patch may be powered by a battery, an external power source (82), or self-powered by an auto-bio-fuel cell which acts as a battery during drug solution saturation. Multiple patches may be configured as a linked patch unit for use with a flexible cuff apparatus (70) to provide circumferential treatment of a body part. A network of supply tubes (66) may be connected to an external reservoir (68) to provide a slow supply of medicated fluid to each patch. A titration regulator (72) is in communication with the transdermal patch to regulate permanent flow to the skin.

대표청구항 ▼

A transdermal drug delivery system having at least one patch (20) with an electrosmotic, electro porous membrane (26) comprised of an inert biochemical substance which becomes actively electro-osmotic when an electric charge is passed through the membrane enabling a drug solution passing through to

A transdermal drug delivery system having at least one patch (20) with an electrosmotic, electro porous membrane (26) comprised of an inert biochemical substance which becomes actively electro-osmotic when an electric charge is passed through the membrane enabling a drug solution passing through to a skin surface to create an electroporative effect. The patch may be powered by a battery, an external power source (82), or self-powered by an auto-bio-fuel cell which acts as a battery during drug solution saturation. Multiple patches may be configured as a linked patch unit for use with a flexible cuff apparatus (70) to provide circumferential treatment of a body part. A network of supply tubes (66) may be connected to an external reservoir (68) to provide a slow supply of medicated fluid to each patch. A titration regulator (72) is in communication with the transdermal patch to regulate permanent flow to the skin. ller restart the performance maintaining initial sequence from the midpoint. 4. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the performance maintaining controller executes a performance maintaining sequence for uniformly agitating and charging the developer in the developing device at least based on the elapsed time since the immediately preceding image formation mode in addition to the performance maintaining initial sequence. 5. The image formation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the performance maintaining initial sequence includes the charge-up mode degree distributed larger than that of the performance maintaining sequence. 6. The image formation apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the performance maintaining sequence is to uniformly agitate and charge the developer in the developing device based on elapsed time since the immediately preceding image formation mode and an environmental condition of the image formation apparatus. 7. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a process cartridge mounted detachably to a main body of the image forming apparatus; and an identifier indicating that the process cartridge is unused wherein the performance maintaining controller determines whether or not the image formation apparatus is first used based on identifier information of the process cartridge to execute the performance maintaining initial sequence. ess protocol, a TDMA wireless protocol, an IDEN wireless protocol, and an AMPS wireless protocol; and the first and second reference frequencies are used during the wireless protocol. 9. The frequency generation circuit of claim 1 further comprising: a fourth divider coupled to the reference oscillator. 10. The frequency generation circuit of claim 9 further comprising: a synthesizer coupled to the fourth divider and comprising: a phase detector; a first loop filter coupled to the phase detector; a first voltage-controlled oscillator coupled to the first loop filter; a divider coupled to the first voltage-controlled oscillator and to the phase detector; and accumulators coupled to the divider. 11. The frequency generation circuit of claim 10 wherein: the synthesizer further comprises: a second voltage-controlled oscillator coupled to the first loop filter and to the divider. 12. The frequency generation circuit of claim 11 further comprising: an antenna switch; and a first filter coupled to the antenna switch, to the first voltage-controlled oscillator, and to the second voltage-controlled oscillator. 13. The frequency generation circuit of claim 10 wherein: the synthesizer further comprises: a second loop filter coupled to the phase detector; and a second voltage-controlled oscillator coupled to the second loop filter and to the divider. 14. The frequency generation circuit of claim 13 wherein: the synthesizer further comprises: a third voltage-controlled oscillator coupled to the second loop filter and to the divider. 15. The frequency generation circuit of claim 14 further comprising: a mixer coupled to the second and third voltage-controlled oscillators; a receive front-end stage coupled to the mixer; and an up-converter stage coupled to the second voltage-controlled oscillator. 16. The frequency generation circuit of claim 15 further comprising: an antenna switch; a first filter coupled to the antenna switch and to the up-converter stage; and a second filter coupled to the antenna switch and to the first and second voltage-controlled oscillators. 17. A portable transceiver comprising: a digital-to-analog converter; a varactor stage coupled to the digital-to-analog converter; a reference oscillator coupled to the varactor stage; a comparator coupled to the reference oscillator; a first divider coupled to the comparator; a reference clock PLL coupled to the first divider; a second divider coupled to the reference clock PLL; a first multiplexor coupled to the second divider; a third divider coupled to the comparator and to the first multiplexor; a second multiplexor coupled to the comparator and to the reference clock PLL; a fourth divider coupled to the second multiplexor; a fifth divider coupled to the comparator; a first PLL coupled to the fifth divider; a second PLL coupled to the fifth divider; a sixth divider coupled to the first PLL; a receive back-end stage coupled to the sixth divider; an analog-to-digital converter and data interface stage coupled to the receive back-end stage and to the fourth divider; a seventh divider coupled to the comparator; and a fractional N synthesizer coupled to the seventh divider. 18. The portable transceiver of claim 17 wherein: the first multiplexor provides a first clock signal to a microcontroller; the fourth divider provides a second clock signal to the analog-to-digital converter and ta interface stage; the fifth divider provides a first reference frequency to the first and second PLLs; and the seventh divider provides a second reference frequency to the fractional N synthesizer. 19. The portable transceiver of claim 17 wherein: the first multiplexor and the fourth divider provide different clock signals for different wireless protocols selected from the group consisting of a EGSM wireless protocol, a DCS wireless protocol, a TDMA wireless protocol, an IDEN wireless protocol, and an