A supply pipe (33) supplies a liquid to a comminution site (40) at which the liquid is subjected to an electric field so as to produce charged comminuted material. An electrical discharge electrode (5) produces ions to at least partially electrically discharge the comminuted material. A further elec
A supply pipe (33) supplies a liquid to a comminution site (40) at which the liquid is subjected to an electric field so as to produce charged comminuted material. An electrical discharge electrode (5) produces ions to at least partially electrically discharge the comminuted material. A further electrode (60) spaced from the comminution site (40) by the electrical discharge electrode (50) electrically attracts ions produced by the electrical discharge electrode (50) away from the comminution site (40) until sufficient space charge is built up to divert the ions towards the charged comminuted material to enable the ions at least partially to discharge the comminuted material.
대표청구항▼
A supply pipe (33) supplies a liquid to a comminution site (40) at which the liquid is subjected to an electric field so as to produce charged comminuted material. An electrical discharge electrode (5) produces ions to at least partially electrically discharge the comminuted material. A further elec
A supply pipe (33) supplies a liquid to a comminution site (40) at which the liquid is subjected to an electric field so as to produce charged comminuted material. An electrical discharge electrode (5) produces ions to at least partially electrically discharge the comminuted material. A further electrode (60) spaced from the comminution site (40) by the electrical discharge electrode (50) electrically attracts ions produced by the electrical discharge electrode (50) away from the comminution site (40) until sufficient space charge is built up to divert the ions towards the charged comminuted material to enable the ions at least partially to discharge the comminuted material. r quantity fed to the internal-combustion engine and the flow rate of the mixture quantity fed on the whole to the internal-combustion engine, and this actual fraction of the returned exhaust gas quantity is adapted to a predetermined desired fraction. In the case of a further process, the returned exhaust gas quantity is automatically controlled to a predetermined content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas. ure by compression ignition. This improves efficiency, allows combustion phasing control and reduced NOx emissions. For higher speeds and loads, a conventional second combustion mode is utilized wherein a strong premixed mixture is ignited conventionally with spark ignition and/or pulse jet ignition. Cylinder pressures which would result from compression ignition at the higher speeds and loads are thus reduced providing overall engine operation with reduced emissions, improved fuel economy, and reduced noise through improved control of the combustion process. t. 12. A control system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said power source comprises a battery. 13. A control system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said actuator is integrally formed with said control unit. 14. A control system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said actuator is an electrically operated component. 15. A control system as set forth in claim 14, wherein said actuator generates a magnetic force. 16. A control system as set forth in claim 15, wherein said actuator in a coil through which current is passed. 17. A method of controlling a power supply to a controller of an engine, said method comprising determining when a main switch of said controller is deactivated, generating an output signal for a preset of time when said main switch deactivated so as to continue powering said controller, and discontinuing power to said controller when said output signal ends. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said output signal is generated by a sensor used to detect an operational condition of said engine. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said sensor is an engine speed sensor. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein said output signal is generated by a control circuit for a component of said engine. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said component is a fuel pump. 22. A method of controlling a power supply to a controller adapted to control an engine, said method comprising sensing an operational condition of a main switch, generating an output signal for a preset period of time when said operational condition of said main switch changes, delaying a shutdown of said controller until said output signal ends, and supplying power to said controller through an electrically activated switch. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising closing said electrically activated switch when said main switch is closed. 24. The method of claim 23 further comprising opening said electrically activated switch after said preset period of time elapses. 25. An electrical control system for an internal combustion engine comprising a control unit controlling an operation of the engine, a power source, coupling means for coupling together the control unit and the power source under a coupling condition, a switch for switching the coupling means between the coupling condition and a non-coupling condition, the coupling means being brought to the coupling condition when the switch is turned on, the coupling means including a self-hold element that holds the coupling means under the coupling condition when activated by electric power supplied through the switch, the control system further comprising preservation means for preserving the self-hold element under an active condition when the switch is turned off. 26. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the preservation means preserves the self-hold element under the active condition for a preset time period after the switch is turned off. 27. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the preservation means preserves the self-hold element under the active condition by employing a signal that is primarily used for a component that relates to a control of the engine. 28. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 27, wherein the engine includes a sensor sensing an operational condition of the engine, and the signal employed by the preservation means includes a signal sensed by the sensor. 29. An electrical control device as set forth in claim 28, wherein the sensor senses an engine speed. 30. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 29, wherein the engine includes a fuel injection system having a fuel pump, and the component includes the fuel pump. 31. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the preservation means produces a preservation signal that preserves the self-hold element under the active condition for a preset period of time after the switch is turned off. 32. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the preservation means includes a self-hold circuit disposed in the control unit, and the self-hold circuit holds the control unit itself under an active condition when the switch is turned off. 33. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the coupling means includes a relay having a fixed contact and a movable contact, and the self-hold element has an exciting coil that makes the movable contact come into contact with the fixed contact when excited. 34. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 33, wherein the exciting coil has a pair of ends, one of the ends is grounded and the other end is connected to the power source through the switch. 35. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the switch includes a fixed contact and a movable contact, and the self-hold element is activated when the movable contact comes into contact with the fixed contact. 36. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the power source includes a battery. 37. An electrical control system as set forth in claim 25, wherein the engine is employed for powering a marine propulsion device. 38. A power supply system comprising a control device configured to control an engine, a power source, a first switch movable between first and second positions, the first switch connecting the control device with the power source when the first switch is in the first position, an actuator maintaining the first switch in the first position when the actuator is activated, a second switch movable between third and fourth positions, the second switch initially connecting the actuator with the power source to activate the actuator when the second switch is in the third position, the control device holding the actuator in the activated state with a continual signal that is primarily supplied to a component related to the operation of the engine. 39. The power supply system as set forth in claim 38 additionally comprising a third switch movable between fifth and sixth positions, the third switch disabling the control device when the third switch is in the sixth position, the control device delaying the disablement thereof for a preset period of time after the third switch is brought into the sixth position from the fifth position. 40. The power supply system as set forth in claim 39, wherein the second and third switches are linked together, the third switch is in the fifth position when the second switch is in the third position, and the third switch is in the sixth position when the second switch is in the fourth position. 41. A method for controlling power supply to a control device of an engine, comprising supplying power to the control device, starting the engine by the control device, and maintaining the power supply to the control device by a continual signal that is primarily supplied to a component related to the operation of the engine. 42. The method as set forth in claim 41 additionally comprising shutting down the control device, and delaying the shutdown of the control device for a preset period of time.
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