초록 ▼

An energy conversion device for converting heat to mechanical energy. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger vessel absorbing heat from an ambient or energy-rich fluid and transferring heat to a working fluid within an interior chamber of the vessel containing pressurized working gas. An isolation

An energy conversion device for converting heat to mechanical energy. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger vessel absorbing heat from an ambient or energy-rich fluid and transferring heat to a working fluid within an interior chamber of the vessel containing pressurized working gas. An isolation vessel is positioned within the interior chamber, with a gas flow loop defined between the two vessels through which the working gas flows. The isolation vessel is insulated to create a temperature differential and is pressure resistant to allow low pressures in the interior chamber to be maintained. A compressor is positioned within the isolation vessel to compress and discharge the gas into the gas flow loop. An expander is placed in the isolation vessel for converting energy of the expanding gas into a mechanical energy and for rarefying the expanded gas prior to discharge to create a lower bottom temperature or cold reservoir.

대표청구항 ▼

An energy conversion device for converting heat to mechanical energy. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger vessel absorbing heat from an ambient or energy-rich fluid and transferring heat to a working fluid within an interior chamber of the vessel containing pressurized working gas. An isolation

An energy conversion device for converting heat to mechanical energy. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger vessel absorbing heat from an ambient or energy-rich fluid and transferring heat to a working fluid within an interior chamber of the vessel containing pressurized working gas. An isolation vessel is positioned within the interior chamber, with a gas flow loop defined between the two vessels through which the working gas flows. The isolation vessel is insulated to create a temperature differential and is pressure resistant to allow low pressures in the interior chamber to be maintained. A compressor is positioned within the isolation vessel to compress and discharge the gas into the gas flow loop. An expander is placed in the isolation vessel for converting energy of the expanding gas into a mechanical energy and for rarefying the expanded gas prior to discharge to create a lower bottom temperature or cold reservoir. d water-diesel fuel emulsion comprises from about 50 to about 98% by weight of diesel fuel; about 1 to about 50% by weight of water; and about 0.05 to about 20% by weight of an emulsifier. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein said water-diesel fuel emulsion comprises from about 50 to about 98% by weight of diesel fuel; from about 1 to about 50% by weight of water; from about 0.05 to about 20% by weight of an emulsifier; and from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight of an antifreeze agent. 13. The process of claim 1 wherein said oxidation catalyst is comprised of flow-through passages of ceramic or metal coated with a washcoat comprised of zeolite, Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,CeO2,ZrO2,V2O5,La2O3,or mixtures of two or more thereof, said washcoat supporting a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Ce, Ga, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 14. The process of claim 13 wherein said catalyst is Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 15. The process of claim 1 wherein said oxidation catalyst is housed in an in-line converter or a converter muffler. 16. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, the water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier, the emulsifier comprising: (i)(a) a first fuel-soluble product made by reacting a first hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent with ammonia or an amine, the hydrocarbyl substituent of said first acylating agent having about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms; and (i)(b) a second fuel-soluble product made by reacting a second hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent with ammonia or an amine, the hydrocarbyl substituent of said second acylating agent having about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, component (i)(a) being different than component (i)(b); or (ii) an ionic or a nonionic compound having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 1 to about 10; or a mixture of (i)(a), (i)(b) and (ii); in combination with (iii) an emulsion stabilizing amount of a water-soluble compound selected from the group consisting of amine salts, ammonium salts, azide compounds, nitro compounds, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and mixtures of two or more thereof; and contacting the exhaust from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst. 17. The process of claim 16 wherein component (i)(a) is a first fuel-soluble product made by reacting a first polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride.with an alkanol amine or an alkylene polyamine, the polyisobutene substituent of said first polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride having a number average molecular weight of about 1500 to about 3000, said first polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride being characterized at least about 1.3 succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutene substituent; and component (i)(b) is a second fuel-soluble product made by reacting a second polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride with an alkanol amine or an alkylene polyamine, the polyisobutene substituent of said second polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride having a number average molecular weight of about 700 to about 1300, said second polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride being characterized by about 1.0 to about 1.3 succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutene substituent. 18. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, the water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier, the emulsifier comprising (i) a fuel-soluble product comprising: a first hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid acylating ag ent, the hydrocarbyl substituent of said first acylating agent having about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms; and a second hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent, the hydrocarbyl substituent of said second acylating agent having about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, said first acylating agent and said second acylating agent being the same or different; said first acylating agent and said second acylating agent being coupled together by a linking group derived from a compound having two or more primary amino groups, two or more secondary amino groups, at least one primary amino group and at least one secondary amino group, at least two hydroxyl groups, or at least one primary or secondary amino group and at least one hydroxyl group; said coupled acylating agents being reacted with ammonia or an amine; or (ii) an ionic or a nonionic compound having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 1 to about 10; or a mixture of (i) and (ii); in combination with (iii) an emulsion stabilizing amount of a water-soluble compound selected from the group consisting of amine salts, ammonium salts, azide compounds, nitro compounds, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and mixtures of two or more thereof; and contacting the exhaust from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst. 19. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, said water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier, said emulsifier comprising: (i) at least one fuel-soluble product made by reacting at least one hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent with ammonia or an amine, the hydrocarbyl substituent of said acylating agent having about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms; (ii) an ionic or a nonionic compound having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 1 to about 10; or a mixture of (i) and (ii); in combination with (iii) an emulsion stabilizing amount of a water-soluble compound selected from the group consisting of amine salts, ammonium salts, azide compounds, nitro compounds, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and mixtures of two or more thereof; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst, said oxidation catalyst comprising flow-through passages of ceramic or metal coated with a washcoat comprised of zeolite, Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,CeO2,ZrO2,V2O5,La2O3,or mixtures of two or more thereof, said washcoat supporting a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Ce, Ga, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 20. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, said water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier, said emulsifier comprising: at least one fuel-soluble product made by reacting at least one polyisobutene substituted succinic acid or anhydride with ammonia or an amine wherein the polyisobutene group has a number average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 3000; a product made by reacting an alkyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride with an alkanol amine wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms; and an emulsion stabilizing amount of ammonium nitrate; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst, said oxidation catalyst comprising flow-through passages of ceramic or metal coated with a washcoat comprised of zeolite, Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,CeO2,ZrO2,V2O5,La2O3,or mixtures of two or more thereof, said washcoat supporting a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 21. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, said water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier, said emulsifier comprising: an ester/salt derived from a polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride and an alkanol amine wherein the polyisobutene group has a number average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 3000; a product made by reacting an alkyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride with an alkanol amine wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms; and an emulsion stabilizing amount of ammonium nitrate; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst, said oxidation catalyst comprising flow-through passages of ceramic or metal coated with a washcoat comprised of zeolite, Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,CeO2,ZrO2,V2O5,La2O3,or mixtures of two or more thereof, said washcoat supporting a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 22. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, said water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier, said emulsifier comprising: an ester/salt derived from a polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride and an alkanol amine wherein the polyisobutene group has a number average molecular weight in the range of about 1500 to about 3000; a succinimide derived from a polyisobutene substituted succinic anhydride and an alkylene polyamine wherein the polyisobutene group has a number average molecular weight of about 700 to about 1300; a product made by reacting an alkyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride with an alkanol amine wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms; and an emulsion stabilizing amount of ammonium nitrate; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst, said oxidation catalyst comprising flow-through passages of ceramic or metal coated with a washcoat comprised of zeolite, Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,CeO2,ZrO2,V2O5,La2O3,or mixtures of two or more thereof, said washcoat supporting a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 23. A process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion, the water-diesel fuel emulsion comprising water, diesel fuel and an emulsifier comprising (i) at least one fuel-soluble product made by reacting at least one polyisobutene substituted succinic acid or anhydride with ammonia or an amine wherein the polyisobutene group has a number average molecular weight in the range of about 700 to about 3000; (ii) the product made by reacting an alkyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride with an alkanol amine wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms; and (iii) ammonium nitrate; and contacting the exhaust from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst.