초록 ▼

A control system of a vehicle including a fuel cell and an electric motor that drives drive wheels of the vehicle with electric energy generated by the fuel cell is provided wherein a traction controller controls the output of the drive wheels so as to secure tractive force of the vehicle when a cer

A control system of a vehicle including a fuel cell and an electric motor that drives drive wheels of the vehicle with electric energy generated by the fuel cell is provided wherein a traction controller controls the output of the drive wheels so as to secure tractive force of the vehicle when a certain traction control start condition is satisfied.

대표청구항 ▼

A control system of a vehicle including a fuel cell and an electric motor that drives drive wheels of the vehicle with electric energy generated by the fuel cell is provided wherein a traction controller controls the output of the drive wheels so as to secure tractive force of the vehicle when a cer

A control system of a vehicle including a fuel cell and an electric motor that drives drive wheels of the vehicle with electric energy generated by the fuel cell is provided wherein a traction controller controls the output of the drive wheels so as to secure tractive force of the vehicle when a certain traction control start condition is satisfied. bore and said offset outlet leg of said initial template. 6. The process of claim 1 further comprising plugging said offset outlet leg of said first additional template to prevent fluid communication between said main well bore and said offset outlet leg of said first additional template. 7. The process of claim 1 further comprising plugging said initial straddle assembly flow path to substantially prevent pressure communication between a proximal side of said initial straddle assembly and a distal side of said initial straddle assembly. 8. The process of claim 7 further comprising creating a positive pressure differential on said proximal side of said initial straddle assembly to distally displace said initial straddle assembly and enable fluid communication between said inlet leg of said initial template and said offset outlet leg of said initial template. 9. The process of claim 8 further comprising plugging said first additional straddle assembly flow path. 10. The process of claim 9 further comprising creating a positive pressure differential on said proximal side of said initial straddle assembly to distally displace said first additional straddle assembly and enable fluid communication between said inlet leg of said first additional template and said offset outlet leg of said first additional template. 11. The process of claim 1 further comprising distally displacing said initial straddle assembly to enable fluid communication between said inlet leg of said initial template and said offset outlet leg of said initial template. 12. The process of claim 1 further comprising distally displacing said first additional straddle assembly to enable fluid communication between said inlet leg of said first additional template and said offset outlet leg of said first additional template. 13. The process of claim 1 further comprising; providing second or more additional templates, each said second or more additional templates including said body, said inlet leg, said main outlet leg, and said offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; serially positioning said second or more additional templates with said initial and first additional templates, wherein said main outlet leg of said first additional template is connected to said inlet leg of said second additional template and said main outlet leg of said second additional template is connected to said inlet leg of said next additional template; providing one second or more additional straddle assemblies for each of said second or more additional templates, each said second or more additional straddle assemblies including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; releasably mounting said second or more additional straddle assemblies in said second or more additional templates with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body of said second or more additional templates and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg of said second or more additional templates into said offset outlet leg of said second or more additional templates. 14. The process of claim 13 further comprising distally displacing said second or more additional straddle assemblies to enable fluid communication between said inlet leg of said second or more additional templates and said offset outlet leg of said second or more additional templates. 15. The process of claim 1 further comprising drilling an offset well bore by conveying a drill string through said offset outlet leg of said initial template. 16. The process of claim 15 further comprising placing a diverter in said body of said initial template to define a drill string path from said inlet leg to said offset outlet leg of said initial template. 17. The process of claim 16 further comprising pressure stimulating said offset well bore through said offset outlet leg of said initial template. 18. The process of claim 1 further comprising drilling an offset well bore by conveying a drill string through said offset outlet leg of said first additional template. 19. The process of claim 18 further comprising placing a diverter in said body of said first additional template to define a drill string path from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg of said first additional template. 20. At The process of claim 18 further comprising pressure stimulating said offset well bore through said offset outlet leg of said first additional template. 21. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; and releasably mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg and from said main outlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg. 22. The process of claim 21 further comprising plugging said offset outlet leg to prevent fluid communication between said main well bore and said offset outlet leg. 23. The process of claim 21 further comprising injecting a fluid distally into said downhole flow path and displacing said fluid proximally into said annulus. 24. The process of claim 23 further comprising providing at least one by-pass tube through said template and proximally displacing said fluid through said at least one by-pass tube past said template. 25. The process of claim 23 wherein said fluid is cement, said process further comprising setting up said cement in said annulus. 26. The process of claim 21 further comprising distally displacing said straddle assembly to enable fluid communication between said inlet leg and said offset outlet leg. 27. The process of claim 21 further comprising drilling an offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 28. The process of claim 27 further comprising completing said offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 29. The process of claim 21 further comprising extending said main well bore by conveying a drill string through said main outlet leg. 30. In a process for injecting a fluid into a well bore extending downward from an earthen surface and penetrating a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation, the improvement comprising: providing a template including an inlet leg, a main outlet leg and an offset outlet leg, wherein said inlet leg and said main outlet leg contain a continuous downhole flow path therethrough; positioning said template in said well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said well bore; distally injecting said fluid away from said earthen surface through said downhole flow path and into said annulus; proximally displacing a first portion of said injected fluid toward said earthen surface through said annulus past said template; and providing at least one by-pass tube through said template and proximally displacing a second portion of said injected fluid toward said earthen surface through said at least one by-pass tube past said template. 31. The process of claim 30 further comprising plugging said offset outlet leg. 32. The process of claim 30 wherein said template includes a body, said legs opening into said body, fur ther wherein said body has a substantially cylindrical cross section. 33. The process of claim 30 wherein said fluid is displaced past said template at a pressure greater than about 3500 psi. 34. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; releasably mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; and injecting a cement distally into said downhole flow path and displacing said cement proximally into said annulus. 35. The process of claim 34 further comprising setting up said cement in said annulus. 36. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; releasably mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; and drilling an offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 37. The process of claim 36 further comprising completing said offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 38. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg,a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; releasably mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; and extending said main well bore by conveying a drill string through said main outlet leg. 39. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said te mplate and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends; mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal end positioned in said inlet leg and said distal end positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and a continuous downhole flow path through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; and injecting a fluid distally into said downhole flow path and displacing said fluid proximally into said annulus, while maintaining said offset outlet leg in fluid isolation from said fluid. 40. The process of claim 39 further comprising providing at least one by-pass tube through said template and proximally displacing said fluid through said at least one by-pass tube past said template. 41. The process of claim 39 wherein said fluid is cement, said process further comprising setting up said cement in said annulus. 42. The process of claim 39 further comprising distally displacing said straddle assembly to enable fluid communication between said inlet leg and said offset outlet leg. 43. The process of claim 39 further comprising drilling an offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 44. The process of claim 43 further comprising completing said offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 45. The process of claim 39 further comprising extending said main well bore by conveying a drill string through said main outlet leg. 46. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; injecting a cement distally into said downhole flow path; and opening said offset outlet lea to communication with said inlet leg. 47. The process of claim 46 further comprising setting up said cement in said annulus. 48. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; opening said offset outlet leg to communication with said inlet leg; and drilling an offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 49. The process of claim 48 further comprising injecting a cement distally into said downhole flow path before opening said offset outlet le g to communication with said inlet leg. 50. The process of claim 48 further comprising completing said offset well bore through said offset outlet leg. 51. A process for circulating a fluid through a template in a main well bore comprising: providing a template including a body, a tubular inlet leg, a tubular main outlet leg and a tubular offset outlet leg, said legs opening into said body; positioning said template in a main well bore to form an annulus between said template and a face of said main well bore; providing a straddle assembly including a straddle tube having proximal and distal ends and proximal and distal seals positioned substantially at said proximal and distal ends; releasably mounting said straddle assembly in said template with said proximal seal positioned in said inlet leg and said distal seal positioned in said main outlet leg to provide a continuous straddle assembly flow path through said body and substantially prevent fluid flow from said inlet leg into said offset outlet leg, such that a continuous downhole flow path is provided through said inlet leg, said straddle assembly, and said main outlet leg; opening said offset outlet leg to communication with said inlet leg; and extending said main well bore by conveying a drill string through said main outlet leg. 52. The process of claim 51 further comprising injecting a cement distally into said downhole flow path before opening said offset outlet leg to communication with said inlet leg. pe, the first flanged coupling, and the second flanged coupling are constructed of a first aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than that of steel; and wherein the material used for welding is composed of a second aluminum alloy that is different from the first aluminum alloy. 6. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein the aluminum alloy is Russian Designation AL 1980. 7. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein the aluminum alloy has a minimum yield strength of approximately 50,250 lbs/in2, an ultimate tensile strength of at least approximately 58,750 lbs/in2, and a modulus of elasticity of approximately 10×106 lbs/in2. 8. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein the aluminum alloy has a density of approximately one-third or less that of ferrous steel. 9. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein the riser apparatus has a tensile capacity of approximately 2,000,000 pounds or greater, with substantially zero bending. 10. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein the riser apparatus has a bending capacity of approximately 950,000 ft-lbs or greater, under substantially zero tension. 11. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein one or more of the auxiliary lines are composed of an aluminum alloy known as Russian Designation AL 1980. 12. The riser apparatus of claim 5, wherein one or more of the auxiliary lines are composed of an aluminum alloy known as Russian Designation AL 1953. 13. A riser apparatus for use in offshore drilling for oil or other fossil fuels, the riser apparatus comprising a plurality of riser sections coupled serially end-to-end, wherein each of the riser sections comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end; a first flanged coupling welded to the first end of the pipe, wherein the first flanged coupling includes a first set of one or more openings for holding one or more auxiliary lines; a second flanged coupling welded to the second end of the pipe, wherein the second flanged coupling includes a second set of one or more openings for holding the one or more auxiliary lines; one or more telescoping joints coupled to the one or more auxiliary lines; wherein the pipe, the first flanged coupling, and the second flanged coupling are constructed of a first aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than that of steel; wherein the material used for welding is composed of a second aluminum alloy that is different from the first aluminum alloy; and wherein the riser apparatus is subjected to post-welding thermal treatment during manufacture. 14. A riser apparatus for use in offshore drilling for oil or other fossil fuels, the riser apparatus comprising a plurality of riser sections coupled serially end-to-end, wherein each of the riser sections comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end; a first flanged coupling welded to the first end of the pipe, wherein the first flanged coupling includes a first set of one or more openings for holding one or more auxiliary lines; a second flanged coupling welded to the second end of the pipe, wherein the second flanged coupling includes a second set of one or more openings for holding the one or more auxiliary lines; one or more telescoping joints coupled to the one or more auxiliary lines; wherein the pipe, the first flanged coupling, and the second flanged coupling are constructed of a first aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than that of steel; wherein the material used for welding is composed of a second aluminum alloy that is different from the first aluminum alloy; and wherein the riser apparatus has a length of approximately 3,000 meters or greater. 15. A riser apparatus for use in offshore drilling for oil or other fossil fuels, the riser apparatus comprising a plurality of riser sections coupled serially end-to-end, wherein each of the riser sections comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end; a first flanged coupling welded to the first end of the pipe, wherein the first flanged coupling includes a first set of one or more openings for holding one or more auxiliary lines; a second flanged coupling welded to the second end of the pipe, wherein the second flanged coupling includes a second set of one or more openings for holding the one or more auxiliary lines; one or more telescoping joints coupled to the one or more auxiliary lines; wherein the pipe, the first flanged coupling, and the second flanged coupling are constructed of a first aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than that of steel; wherein the material used for welding is composed of a second aluminum alloy that is different from the first aluminum alloy; and wherein the auxiliary lines comprise choke and kill pipes. 16. A riser apparatus for use in offshore drilling for oil or other fossil fuels, the riser apparatus comprising a plurality of riser sections coupled serially end-to-end, wherein each of the riser sections comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end; a first flanged coupling welded to the first end of the pipe, wherein the first flanged coupling includes a first set of one or more openings for holding one or more auxiliary lines; a second flanged coupling welded to the second end of the pipe, wherein the second flanged coupling includes a second set of one or more openings for holding the one or more auxiliary lines; one or more telescoping joints coupled to the one or more auxiliary lines; wherein the pipe, the first flanged coupling, and the second flanged coupling are constructed of a first aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than that of steel; wherein the material used for welding is composed of a second aluminum alloy that is different from the first aluminum alloy; and wherein the auxiliary lines comprise hydraulic pipes. 17. A riser apparatus for use in offshore drilling for oil or other fossil fuels, the riser apparatus comprising a plurality of riser sections coupled serially end-to-end, wherein each of the riser sections comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end; a first flanged coupling welded to the first end of the pipe, wherein the first flanged coupling includes a first set of one or more openings for holding one or more auxiliary lines; a second flanged coupling welded to the second end of the pipe, wherein the second flanged coupling includes a second set of one or more openings for holding the one or more auxiliary lines; one or more telescoping joints coupled to the one or more auxiliary lines; wherein the pipe, the first flanged coupling, and the second flanged coupling are constructed of a first aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than that of steel; wherein the material used for welding is composed of a second aluminum alloy that is different from the first aluminum alloy; and wherein the auxiliary lines comprise booster pipes. 18. A system for offshore drilling or production comprising: a floating platform; a derrick coupled to the platform; and a riser coupled to the platform, the riser comprising a plurality of riser sections serially coupled end-to-end, wherein each the riser section comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end wherein the pipe is constructed of an aluminum alloy having a strength-to-weight ratio greater than steel; a first flanged coupling welded to the first end of the pipe; a second flanged coupling welded to the second end of the pipe; and wherein the first flanged coupling and the second flanged coupling are composed of an aluminum alloy known as Russian Designation AL 1980. 19. A system for offshore drilling or production comprising: a floating platform; a derrick coupled to the platform; and a riser coupled to the platform, the riser comprising a plurality of riser sections serially coupled end-to-end, wherein each the riser section comprises: a pipe having a first end and a second end wherein the pipe is constructed of an