초록 ▼

An apparatus and method for storage of memory packets with a high aggregate bandwidth is disclosed. An odd-even memory bank structure effectively doubles the memory available for packet storage. A packet memory arbitration scheme aligns access of devices reading and writing into packet memory allowi

An apparatus and method for storage of memory packets with a high aggregate bandwidth is disclosed. An odd-even memory bank structure effectively doubles the memory available for packet storage. A packet memory arbitration scheme aligns access of devices reading and writing into packet memory allowing full-rate access to the packet memory.

대표청구항 ▼

An apparatus and method for storage of memory packets with a high aggregate bandwidth is disclosed. An odd-even memory bank structure effectively doubles the memory available for packet storage. A packet memory arbitration scheme aligns access of devices reading and writing into packet memory allowi

An apparatus and method for storage of memory packets with a high aggregate bandwidth is disclosed. An odd-even memory bank structure effectively doubles the memory available for packet storage. A packet memory arbitration scheme aligns access of devices reading and writing into packet memory allowing full-rate access to the packet memory. ein an exon of said mu type opiate receptor gene is replaced by all or part of a marker gene wherein said disruption in said mouse results in the lack of a functional mu type opiate receptor in said mouse, and said mouse demonstrates no anticociceptive response induced by morphine in any of the nociceptive thresholds, an absence of dependence on morphine after chronic treatment and do not exhibit symptoms of deficiency such as reduced Straub reflex and increased locomotor activity upon withdrawal of administration. 2. The transgenic mouse according to claim 1, wherein said marker gene is the gene of resistance to neomycin (neo), inserted between two contiguous nucleotides of exon 2 of said mu type opiate receptor gene. 3. The transgenic mouse according to claim 2, wherein said gene of resistance to neomycin (neo) is under the control of the promoter phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK-1). 4. A process for screening medicaments which act on pathologies involving opiate receptors, comprising: administering drugs to be tested to a transgenic mouse according to claim 1, or cells therefrom containing said disruption; determination of the nociceptive thresholds by the tail immersion and hot plate test after injection of the drugs to be tested, determination of the response to drugs to be tested by animals in which has been produced chronic pain induced by injection of irritating products, carrageenan and Freund's adjuvant, and producing monoarthritis or polyarthritis, or the test of sciatic nerve section, or the test of sciatic nerve ligation in the case of neuropathic pain, or determination of the psychotropic properties of drugs to be tested by the test of preference of position or of auto-administration, or determination of the level of physical dependence by induction of severe dependence and provocation of withdrawal in the case of toxicomania, or determination of the mixed lymphocyte reaction and of the duration of sufferance in the case of prevention or treatment of transplant rejection. 5. A process for obtaining a transgenic mouse according to claim 1, comprising replacing the endogenous gene of the opiate receptor of the mu type, by a construction comprising the gene of the opiate receptor of the mu type in which, exon 2 of the gene of the opiate receptor of the mu type is interrupted between two contiguous nucleotides by a portion of a marker gene, and introducing said cells into blastocytes of mice, selection of male chimaeric mice according to a criterion corresponding to an ES line, crossing of the selected mice with C57BL/6 mice, to obtain mice which are heterozygous with respect to a construction of a transgenic mouse or cells therefrom containing the gene of the opiate receptor of the mu type in which a fragment of the gene of the receptor containing an exon that is either replaced by all or part of a marker gene, or interrupted by the insertion between two contiguous nucleotides of all or part of a marker gene, the expression of the gene of the mu type being disrupted relative to expression by a non-transgenic mouse; and crossing of two heterozygotes to obtain a mouse which is homozygous with respect to said construction. 6. A transgenic mouse homozygous for a disruption in the gene encoding the kappa type opiate receptor, wherein an exon of said kappa type opiate receptor gene is replaced by all or part of a marker gene wherein said disruption in said mouse results in the lack of a functional kappa type opiate receptor in said mouse, and said mouse demonstrates no binding of the kappa selective ligand (3H)CI977 and no analgesia following subcutaneous injection of the selective kappa agonist US0488-H. 7. The transgenic mouse according to claim 6, wherein said marker gene is the gene of resistance to neomycin (neo), inserted in exon 1 of said kappa type opiate receptor gene. 8. A process for screening medicaments which act on pathologies involving opiate receptors, comprising: administering drugs to be tested to a transgenic mouse according to claim 6, or cells therefrom containing said disruption; determination of the nociceptive thresholds by the tail immersion and hot plate test after injection of the drugs to be tested, determination of the response to drugs to be tested by animals in which has been produced chronic pain induced by injection of irritating products, carrageenan and Freund's adjuvant, and producing monoarthritis or polyarthritis, or the test of sciatic nerve section, or the test of sciatic nerve ligation in the case of neuropathic pain, or determination of the psychotropic properties of drugs to be tested by the test of preference of position or of auto-administration, or determination of the level of physical dependence by induction of severe dependence and provocation of withdrawal in the case of toxicomania, or determination of the mixed lymphocyte reaction and of the duration of sufferance in the case of prevention or treatment of transplant rejection. 9. A process for obtaining a transgenic mouse according to claim 6, comprising replacement of the endogenous gene of the opiate receptor of the kappa type in cells of mice, by a construction comprising the gene of the opiate receptor of the kappa type in which, a fragment containing exon 1 of the gene of the opiate receptor of the kappa type is replaced by a marker, and introduction of the said cells into blastocytes of mice, selection of male chimaeric mice according to a criterion corresponding to an ES line, crossing of the selected mice with C57BL/6 mice, to obtain mice which are heterozygous with respect to a construction of a transgenic mouse or cells therefrom containing the gene of the opiate receptor of the kappa type in which a fragment of the gene of the receptor containing an exon that is either replaced by all or part of a marker gene, or interrupted by the insertion between two contiguous nucleotides of all or part of a marker gene, the expression of the gene of the kappa type being disrupted relative to expression by a non-transgenic mouse; and crossing of two heterozygotes to obtain a mouse which is homozygous with respect to said construction. 10. A transgenic mouse homozygous for a disruption in the gene encoding the delta type opiate receptor, wherein an exon of said delta type opiate receptor gene is replaced by all or part of a marker gene wherein said disruption in said mouse results in the lack of a functional delta type opiate receptor in said mouse, and said mouse demonstrates no binding of the delta selective ligand naltrindole. 11. The transgenic mouse according to claim 10, wherein said marker gene is the gene of resistance to neomycin (neo), inserted in exon 1 of said delta type opiate receptor gene. 12. A process for screening medicaments which act on pathologies involving opiate receptors, comprising: administering to a transgenic mouse according to claim 10, or cells therefrom containing said disruption; determination of the nociceptive thresholds by the tail immersion and hot plate test after injection of the drugs to be tested, determination of the response to drugs to be tested by animals in which has been produced chronic pain induced by injection of irritating products, carrageenan and Freund's adjuvant, and producing monoarthritis or polyarthritis, or the test of sciatic nerve section, or the test of sciatic nerve ligation in the case of neuropathic pain, or determination of the psychotropic properties of drugs to be tested by the test of preference of position or of auto-administration, or determination of the level of physical dependence by induction of severe dependence and provocation of withdrawal in the case of toxicomania, or determination of the mixed lymphocyte reaction and of the duration of sufferance in the case of prevention or treatment of transplant rejection. 13. A process for obtaining a mouse according to claim 10, comprising replacement of the endogenous gene of