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In a navigation system using a bird's-eye view display mode, map data on a plan view map are subjected to a perspective projection conversion to obtain drawing data on a bird's-eye view map. In this case, an input of the position of a view point is accepted, and a projection plane for a bird's-eye v

In a navigation system using a bird's-eye view display mode, map data on a plan view map are subjected to a perspective projection conversion to obtain drawing data on a bird's-eye view map. In this case, an input of the position of a view point is accepted, and a projection plane for a bird's-eye view is determined on the basis of the coordinates of a current position and a destination and the position of the view point so that the display positions of the two points which have been subjected to perspective-projection conversion are coincident with predetermined positions. Alternatively, an input of a scale is accepted, and the position of the view point and the projection plane are determined on the basis of the coordinates of the two points and the scale so that the display positions of the two points after the perspective projection conversion are coincident with predetermined positions and the drawing scale is coincident with the input scale. Or, as a further alternative, an input of the projection angle is accepted, and the projection plane is determined on the basis of the projection angle and the position of the view point.

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In a navigation system using a bird's-eye view display mode, map data on a plan view map are subjected to a perspective projection conversion to obtain drawing data on a bird's-eye view map. In this case, an input of the position of a view point is accepted, and a projection plane for a bird's-eye v

In a navigation system using a bird's-eye view display mode, map data on a plan view map are subjected to a perspective projection conversion to obtain drawing data on a bird's-eye view map. In this case, an input of the position of a view point is accepted, and a projection plane for a bird's-eye view is determined on the basis of the coordinates of a current position and a destination and the position of the view point so that the display positions of the two points which have been subjected to perspective-projection conversion are coincident with predetermined positions. Alternatively, an input of a scale is accepted, and the position of the view point and the projection plane are determined on the basis of the coordinates of the two points and the scale so that the display positions of the two points after the perspective projection conversion are coincident with predetermined positions and the drawing scale is coincident with the input scale. Or, as a further alternative, an input of the projection angle is accepted, and the projection plane is determined on the basis of the projection angle and the position of the view point. Virtual Reality Special Report, Summer 1994, pp. 39, 40, and 42. Merril, Jonathan, et al., "Surgical Simulation Using Virtual Reality Technology: Design, Implementation, and Implications" Surgical Technology International III, pp. 53-60. Meyer, Kenneth et al., "A Survey of Position Trackers," The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1992, Presence, vol. 1, No. 2. Minsky, M. et al., "Feeling and Seeing: Issues in Force Display," Association for Computing Machinery, 1990, pp. 235-270. Ouh-young, M., "Force Display in Molecular Docking," Univ. of N. Carolina, 1990, pp. 1-12, 66-85. Ouh-young, Ming et al., "Force Display Performs Better than Visual Display in a Simple 6-D Docking Task," IEEE 1989, pp. 1462-1466. Rosenberg, Louis B. et al., "Perceptual Decomposition of Virtual Haptic Surfaces," IEEE, Oct. 1993. Rosenberg, Louis B., "Perceptual Design of a Virtual Rigid Surface Contact," Center for Design Research Stanford University, Air Force Material Command, Apr. 1993, pp. 1-41. Rosenberg, Louis B., "The Use of Virtual Fixtures as Perceptual Overlays to Enhance Operator Performance in Remote Environments," Air Force Material Command, Sep. 1992, pp. 1-42. Rosenberg, Louis B., "Virtual Fixtures as Tools to Enhance Operator Performance in Teleprensece Environments," SPIE Telemanipulator Technology, 1993. Rosenberg, Louis B., "Virtual Haptic Overlays Enhance Performance in Telepresence Tasks," SPIE 1994. Rosenberg, Louis B., Crew Systems Directorate Biodynamics and Biocommunications Division Wright-Patterson, Air Force Material Command, Mar. 1993, pp. 1-45. Russo, M., "The Design and Implementation of a Three Degree-of-Freedom Force Output Joystick," Dept. of Mech. Engineering, 1990. Schmult, B. et al., "Application Areas for a Force-Feedback Joystick," DSC-vol. 49, Advances in Robotics, Mechantronics, and Haptic Interfaces, ASME 1993, pp. 47-54. Smith, Geoffrey, "Call It Palpable Progress," Business Week, Oct. 9, 1995, pp. 93, 96. Snow, E. et al., "Compact Force-Reflecting Hand Controller," NASA Tech Brief, vol. 15, No. 4, Item 153, Apr. 1991, pp. 1, 1-3, 1a-15a. Tan, H. et al., "Manual Resolution of Compliance when Work and Force Cues are Minimized," DSC-vol. 49, Advances in Robotics, Mechatronics, and Haptic Interfaces, ASME 1993, pp. 99-104. Tan, Hong Z. et al., "Human Factors for the Design of Force-Reflecting Haptic Interfaces," Tan, Srinivasan, Eberman, & Chang, ASME WAM 1994, pp. 1-11. Winey III, Calvin, "Computer Simulated Visual and Tactile Feedback as an Aid to Manipulator and Vehicle. Control," MIT Dept. of Mech. Engineering, 1981, pp. 1-79. Yamakita, M. et al. Tele-Vritual Reality of Dynamic Mechanical Model, IEEE Jul. 7-10, 1992, pp. 1103-1110.