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A method for controlling voltage levels among cells while charging a battery array to a target voltage uses cell balancing modes employing respective charging currents. The method includes the steps of: (a) In no particular order: (1) establishing a parametric criterion for identifying each balancin

A method for controlling voltage levels among cells while charging a battery array to a target voltage uses cell balancing modes employing respective charging currents. The method includes the steps of: (a) In no particular order: (1) establishing a parametric criterion for identifying each balancing mode; (2) identifying a performance parameter associated with selected cells for each balancing mode; and (3) establishing an exit criterion for each balancing mode; (b) ascertaining the onset of charging; (c) identifying the extant balancing mode; (d) employing the charging current for the extant balancing mode for charging; (e) for selected cells: (1) obtaining an extant parameter associated with the cell; (2) comparing each extant parameter with the exit criterion; and (3) repeating steps (e)(1) through (e)(2) until the extant parameter satisfies the exit criterion; (f) terminating the extant balancing mode; (g) repeating steps (c) through (f) until target voltage is achieved; (h) terminating charging.

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A method for controlling voltage levels among cells while charging a battery array to a target voltage uses cell balancing modes employing respective charging currents. The method includes the steps of: (a) In no particular order: (1) establishing a parametric criterion for identifying each balancin

A method for controlling voltage levels among cells while charging a battery array to a target voltage uses cell balancing modes employing respective charging currents. The method includes the steps of: (a) In no particular order: (1) establishing a parametric criterion for identifying each balancing mode; (2) identifying a performance parameter associated with selected cells for each balancing mode; and (3) establishing an exit criterion for each balancing mode; (b) ascertaining the onset of charging; (c) identifying the extant balancing mode; (d) employing the charging current for the extant balancing mode for charging; (e) for selected cells: (1) obtaining an extant parameter associated with the cell; (2) comparing each extant parameter with the exit criterion; and (3) repeating steps (e)(1) through (e)(2) until the extant parameter satisfies the exit criterion; (f) terminating the extant balancing mode; (g) repeating steps (c) through (f) until target voltage is achieved; (h) terminating charging. terior of the acoustic tube and laterally intersecting with an interior side surface of the acoustic tube, the resonators being arranged on a periphery of a tubular wall of the acoustic tube with axial spacing therebetween. 2. A pressure wave generator according to claim 1 wherein an intake pipe and a discharge pipe are connected to the acoustic tube, and a gas taken in through the intake pipe is discharged from the discharge pipe. 3. A pressure wave generator according to claim 1 wherein a regenerator is disposed inside the acoustic tube, and the acoustic tube is provided therearound with a high-temperature heat exchanger and a low-temperature heat exchanger connected respectively to a high-temperature end of the regenerator and a low-temperature end thereof to execute radiation and absorption of beat through the two heat exchangers. 4. A pressure wave generator according to claim 3 wherein the acoustic tube is in the form of a loop, and the driving device is mounted at one end of the acoustic tube and connected to the channel of the acoustic tube. 5. A pressure wave generator according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the resonators comprises a respective cavity connected to the interior of the acoustic tube by the channel. 6. A pressure wave generator according to claim 1, wherein the channel extends generally radially outward from the periphery of the tubular wall of the acoustic tube. 7. A pressure wave generator according to claim 1, wherein the channel comprises a throat having a throat diameter narrower than a diameter of the acoustic tube. 8. A pressure wave generator according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the resonators comprises a closed side branch. 9. A pressure wave generator comprising an acoustic tube, a driving device operable to vibrate at the resonance frequency of a fluid in the acoustic tube or at a frequency close to the resonance frequency, and a plurality of Helmholtz resonators each comprising a channel connecting with an interior of the acoustic tube and laterally intersecting with an interior side surface of the acoustic tube, the resonators being arranged on a periphery of a tubular wall of the acoustic tube with axial spacing therebetween. 10. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9 wherein each of the Helmholtz resonators comprises a throat having a channel smaller in diameter than the acoustic tube and joined at a base end thereof to the tubular wall of the acoustic tube, and a closed cavity joined at one end of the throat and having a suitable volume. 11. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9 wherein an intake pipe and a discharge pipe are connected to the acoustic tube, and a gas taken in through the intake pipe is discharged from the discharge pipe. 12. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9 wherein a regenerator is disposed inside the acoustic tube, and a channel of the acoustic tube is provided therearound with a high-temperature heat exchanger and a low-temperature heat exchanger connected respectively to a high-temperature end of the regenerator and a low-temperature end thereof to execute radiation and absorption of heat and cooling through the two heat exchangers. 13. A pressure wave generator according to claim 12 wherein the acoustic tube is in the form of a loop, and the driving device is connected to the acoustic tube. 14. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the resonators comprises a respective cavity connected to the interior of the acoustic tube by the channel. 15. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9, wherein the channel extends generally radially outward from the periphery of the tubular wall of the acoustic tube. 16. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9, wherein the channel comprises a throat having a throat diameter narrower than a diameter of the acoustic tube. 17. A pressure wave generator according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the resonators comprises a closed side bran ch. .