초록 ▼

A delivery device (20, 22) for and a method of delivering a substance to the nasal airway (1) of a subject, in particular the posterior region of the nasal airway, the delivery device comprising: a closure unit for causing the closure of the oropharyngeal velum of the subject; and a delivery unit fo

A delivery device (20, 22) for and a method of delivering a substance to the nasal airway (1) of a subject, in particular the posterior region of the nasal airway, the delivery device comprising: a closure unit for causing the closure of the oropharyngeal velum of the subject; and a delivery unit for delivering a gas flow entraining a substance to one of the nostrils of the subject at such a driving pressure as to flow around the posterior margin of the nasal septum and out of the other nostril of the subject, wherein the delivery unit comprises a nosepiece (30, 40, 58, 82, 102, 132) which includes an outlet through which the gas flow is in use delivered to the one nostril and a sealing member for sealing the one nostril to the outlet such as in use to prevent the escape of the gas flow through the one nostril.

대표청구항 ▼

A delivery device (20, 22) for and a method of delivering a substance to the nasal airway (1) of a subject, in particular the posterior region of the nasal airway, the delivery device comprising: a closure unit for causing the closure of the oropharyngeal velum of the subject; and a delivery unit fo

A delivery device (20, 22) for and a method of delivering a substance to the nasal airway (1) of a subject, in particular the posterior region of the nasal airway, the delivery device comprising: a closure unit for causing the closure of the oropharyngeal velum of the subject; and a delivery unit for delivering a gas flow entraining a substance to one of the nostrils of the subject at such a driving pressure as to flow around the posterior margin of the nasal septum and out of the other nostril of the subject, wherein the delivery unit comprises a nosepiece (30, 40, 58, 82, 102, 132) which includes an outlet through which the gas flow is in use delivered to the one nostril and a sealing member for sealing the one nostril to the outlet such as in use to prevent the escape of the gas flow through the one nostril. 0, Okamoto et al., 060/039.3; US-5011540, 19910400, McDermott; US-5054279, 19911000, Hines; US-5259184, 19931100, Borkowicz et al.; US-5331806, 19940700, Warkentin; US-5463873, 19951100, Early et al.; US-5471831, 19951200, Rowe; US-5867977, 19990200, Zachary et al.; US-5930990, 19990800, Zachary et al.; US-5987875, 19991100, Hilburn et al., 060/775; US-5996351, 19991200, Feitelberg et al.; US-6260350, 20010700, Horii et al. charge-air pressure, and an ambient temperature. 4. A method for controlling an internal combustion engine with an air system, comprising: determining using at least one model, at least one variable characterizing the air system on the basis of at least one of at least one correcting variable and at least one measured variable characterizing a state of an ambient air, the at least one model including at least one first submodel and at least one second submodel; determining, using at least one of the at least one first submodel and the at least one second submodel, a plurality of output variables based on a plurality of input variables; determining by a compressor model at least an air quantity flowing through a compressor, a supercharger power output, and a charge-air temperature; determining a density of air flowing through the compressor from the ambient temperature and the ambient pressure; determining an enthalpy difference from the ambient pressure and a charge-air pressure; and determining a volume of air from the supercharger rotational speed and the enthalpy difference; wherein the at least one correcting variable, the at least one measured variable, and at least one output variable of the at least one second submodel are taken into account as input variables of the at least one first submodel; wherein the at least one correcting variable includes a fuel quantity variable representing a fuel quantity to be injected; wherein the determining operation by the compressor model is based on at least a supercharger rotational speed, an ambient pressure, a charge-air pressure, and an ambient temperature. wherein the air quantity is determined based on the density and the volume. 5. The method as recited in claims 1, 2, or 4, further comprising: determining using a high-pressure fresh-air line model at least a charge-air pressure, an oxygen proportion of an air quantity flowing into the internal combustion engine, and a mixture temperature; wherein the determining operation using the high-pressure fresh-air line model is based on at least a plurality of air quantities flowing into a high-pressure fresh-air line, a plurality of oxygen proportions of the plurality of air quantities, a charge-air temperature, and a temperature in an exhaust gas recirculation line. 6. A method for controlling an internal combustion engine with an air system, comprising: determining, using at least one model, at least one variable characterizing the air system on the basis of at least one of at least one correcting variable and at least one measured variable characterizing a state of an ambient air, the at least one model including at least one first submodel and at least one second submodel; determining, using at least one of the at least one first submodel and the at least one second submodel, a plurality of output variables based on a plurality of input variables; and determining using a high-pressure fresh-air line model at least a charge-air pressure, an oxygen proportion of an air quantity flowing into the internal combustion engine, and a mixture temperature; wherein the at least one correcting variable, the at least one measured variable, and at least one output variable of the at least one second submodel are taken into account as input variables of the at least one first submodel; wherein the at least one correcting variable includes a fuel quantity variable representing a fuel quantity to be injected; wherein the determining operation using the high-pressure fresh-air line model is based on at least a plurality of air quantities flowing into a high-pressure fresh-air line, a plurality of oxygen proportions of the plurality of air quantities, a charge-air temperature, and a temperature in an exhaust gas recirculation line; wherein at least one of the following is satisfied: the oxygen proportion is determined based on the plurality of air quantities, the plurality of oxygen proportions of the plurality of a