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An air induction system is arranged to introduce air into a plurality of combustion chambers. The air induction system includes intake passages through which the air flows to the combustion chambers. Throttle valves are arranged to regulate an amount of the air flowing through the intake passages. A

An air induction system is arranged to introduce air into a plurality of combustion chambers. The air induction system includes intake passages through which the air flows to the combustion chambers. Throttle valves are arranged to regulate an amount of the air flowing through the intake passages. Auxiliary runners communicate with the intake passages at a location positioned downstream of the throttle valves. The respective runners are unified with each other to form a common chamber. A single conduit has an end communicating with the common chamber and another end communicating with a location that generally is at atmospheric pressure. The air flowing through the conduit, the common chamber and the auxiliary runners also is supplied to the combustion chambers. The common chamber can be positioned next to the intake passages. A control valve can be provided at a location along the single conduit.

대표청구항 ▼

An air induction system is arranged to introduce air into a plurality of combustion chambers. The air induction system includes intake passages through which the air flows to the combustion chambers. Throttle valves are arranged to regulate an amount of the air flowing through the intake passages. A

An air induction system is arranged to introduce air into a plurality of combustion chambers. The air induction system includes intake passages through which the air flows to the combustion chambers. Throttle valves are arranged to regulate an amount of the air flowing through the intake passages. Auxiliary runners communicate with the intake passages at a location positioned downstream of the throttle valves. The respective runners are unified with each other to form a common chamber. A single conduit has an end communicating with the common chamber and another end communicating with a location that generally is at atmospheric pressure. The air flowing through the conduit, the common chamber and the auxiliary runners also is supplied to the combustion chambers. The common chamber can be positioned next to the intake passages. A control valve can be provided at a location along the single conduit. t when walking, the compressible shock absorbers comprising a compressing piece extending beyond the shoe sole with a compression spring being positioned in the recesses above the compressing piece, each recess being large enough to receive the spring and a corresponding retracted compressing piece, the compressing piece being flush with a portion of the sole surrounding the compressing piece when retracted so that the remainder of the wearer's weight is born by the shoe sole. 2. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the compressible shock absorbers absorb a fraction of the wearer's weight up to but not exceeding one-half of the anticipated weight of a typical wearer of a shoe of a specific shoe size.3. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the compressible shock absorbers absorb a total weight of up to one hundred pounds.4. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the force absorbed by separate shock absorbers on the same shoe being different from the force absorbed by other shock absorbers in different locations, the spring compression of springs in different shock absorbers being different.5. The shoe of claim 4 wherein shook absorbers located beneath the heel, the big toe and the ball of wear's foot, absorb greater force than shock absorbers positioned at other locations.6. The shoe of claim 1 wherein compressing pieces are fabricated from non-marking slip resistant material.7. The shoe of claim 6 wherein the compressing pieces are fabricated from a rubber material.8. The shoe of claim 6 wherein the compressing pieces are fabricated from a plastic composite material.9. The shoe of claim 1 wherein each shock absorber comprises a cleat including a compressing piece and a spring positioned within enclosing walls, the enclosing walls and the compressing piece each being fabricated from a plastic material.10. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the shoe includes a continuous protective wall above the shock absorbers and above the shoe sole, the continuous protective wall comprising means for protecting a wearer's foot form upward pressure created on individual springs.11. The shoe of claim 1 wherein each compressing piece has a substantially constant cross sectional area.12. The shoe of claim 11 wherein the outer diameter of the compressing piece is substantially equal to the diameter of the recesses but sufficiently smaller to permit each compressing piece to telescope within the corresponding recess.13. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the shoe comprises a work shoe.14. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the shoe comprises a boot.15. The shoe of claim 1 wherein the shoe comprises an orthopedic shoe.16. The shoe of claim 1 wherein shock absorbers are centrally positioned on the shoe sole.17. The shoe of claim 16 wherein three shock absorbers are positioned side by side to be below the location of the ball of a wearer's foot when positioned in the shoe. votably attaching the upper receiver to the lower receiver, and a take down pin reception channel proximate a rear of the one piece frame member.5. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the magazine top comprises a one-piece metal stamped member.6. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the magazine top comprises side walls which extend into the magazine well.7. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the magazine top is attached to the one-piece frame member by a removable fastener.8. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the magazine top is attached to the one piece frame member by a permanent fixed connection.9. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the magazine top is attached to the one piece frame member by a plurality of fasteners extending inwardly at lateral sides of the magazine well.10. A firearm as in claim 9 wherein portions of the magazine top are pulled by the fasteners against an inwardly facing surface of the one piece frame member.11. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the magazine top comprises a substantially open bottom end.12. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the lower receiver comprises a takedown pin detent set screw reception channel portion and the takedown pin detent set screw retaining a takedown pin detent ball and a takedown pin detent spring in the one piece frame member.13. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the lower receiver comprises a safety detent assembly reception channel and the safety detent screw retaining a safety detent ball and the safety detent spring in the one piece frame member.14. A firearm as in claim 1 wherein the upper receiver comprises a cartridge entrance aperture through the upper receiver for loading cartridges through the upper receiver into the magazine well.15. A method of manufacturing a firearm subassembly comprising steps of: forming a one-piece firearm lower receiver frame member by forging or casting the frame member and machining the frame member to form a magazine well with a substantially closed bottom end, wherein the lower receiver frame member is sized and shaped to be pivotably connected to a firearm upper receiver; inserting a magazine spring and a magazine follower into the magazine well of the lower receiver frame member; and stationarily attaching a magazine top to the lower receiver frame member to at least partially cover a top cartridge entrance/exit to the magazine well at an upper side of the lower receiver frame member, the magazine top comprising rear cartridge retaining ears and front cartridge feeding lips, such that cartridges can only be loaded into the magazine well of the lower receiver frame member by pressing the cartridges through the top of the magazine well at the upper side of the lower receiver frame member through the magazine top. 16. A method as in claim 15 wherein the step of inserting a magazine spring into the magazine well of the lower receiver frame member comprises the magazine spring being located against a top surface of the substantially closed bottom end of the magazine well.17. A method as in claim 15 wherein the step of forming the one-piece firearm lower receiver frame member comprises forming a front pivot connection area having a front pivot pin reception channel for pivotably attaching the upper receiver to the lower receiver, and a take down pin reception channel proximate a rear of the one piece frame member.18. A method as in claim 15 wherein the step of attaching the magazine top to the lower receiver frame member comprises inserting front and rear end walls of the magazine top into the magazine well of the lower receiver frame member and fixedly attaching lateral side walls of the magazine top to the lower receiver frame member by fasteners.19. A method as in claim 15 wherein the step of attaching the magazine top to the lower receiver frame member comprises inserting a portion of the magazine top onto an inside ledge of the lower receiver frame member.20. A method as in claim 15 wherein the step of attaching the magazine top to the lower receiver frame member comprises the magazine spring being located partially in the magazine top and extending out of a substantially open bottom end of the magazine top.21. A firearm subassembly comprising: a firearm receiver frame member having a magazine well; a magazine top fixedly attached to the firearm receiver frame member at a top of the magazine well, the magazine top comprising rear cartridge retaining ears at a top aperture through the magazine top, wherein a bottom portion of the magazine top is located against an upwardly facing ledge inside a top portion of the magazine well; and a magazine follower and a magazine spring located in the magazine well below the magazine top. 22. A firearm subassembly as in claim 21 wherein the firearm receiver frame member comprises a one piece lower receiver frame member comprised of an aluminum forging.23. A firearm subassembly as in claim 22 wherein the one piece frame member further comprises a stock connector portion and a grip connector portion.24. A firearm subassembly as in claim 23 wherein the one piece frame member comprises a front pivot connection area having a front pivot pin reception channel for pivotably attaching an upper receiver to the lower receiver, and a take down pin reception channel proximate a rear of the one piece frame member.25. A firearm subassembly as in claim 21 wherein the magazine top comprises a one-piece metal stamped member.26. A firearm subassembly as in claim 21 wherein portions of the magazine top are pulled outward by fasteners against an inward facing surface of the firearm receiver frame member in the magazine well.27. A firearm subassembly as in claim 26 wherein the magazine top and the firearm receiver frame member comprise inward projecting guides extending into the magazine well, and wherein the guides of the magazine top are vertically aligned with the guides of the firearm receiver frame member.28. A firearm subassembly as in claim 21 wherein the magazine top comprises downwardly extending keyway projections at front and rear end walls which extend into downwardly extending keyway recesses in the firearm receive frame member.