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Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0841304 (2001-04-24) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 226 인용 특허 : 271 |
A coal formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H 2 , and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. After pyrolysis,
A coal formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H 2 , and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. After pyrolysis, the portion may be heated to a synthesis gas production temperature. A synthesis gas producing fluid may be introduced into the portion to generate synthesis gas. Synthesis gas may be produced from the formation in a batch manner or in a substantially continuous manner.
1. A method for in situ production of synthesis gas from a coal formation, comprising:allowing heat to transfer directly from one or more heat sources to a part of the formation such that the heat from the one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation;pro
1. A method for in situ production of synthesis gas from a coal formation, comprising:allowing heat to transfer directly from one or more heat sources to a part of the formation such that the heat from the one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation;producing pyrolysis products from the formation;heating at least a portion of the part of the formation to a temperature sufficient to generate synthesis gas;providing a synthesis gas generating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the formation to generate synthesis gas;controlling the heating of at least the portion of the part of the formation and the provision of the synthesis gas generating fluid to maintain a temperature in at least the portion of the part of the formation above the temperature sufficient to generate synthesis gas; andproducing some of the synthesis gas from the formation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the part of the formation to increase a permeability of the part of the formation such that the permeability of the part of the formation is substantially uniform. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling heat transfer from the one or more heat sources to produce a permeability in the part of the formation of greater than about 100 millidarcy. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating at least the portion of the part of the formation when providing the synthesis gas generating fluid to inhibit temperature decrease in the part of the formation during synthesis gas generation. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation is in a range from approximately 400° C. to approximately 1200° C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation comprises:heating zones adjacent to wellbores of one or more of the heat sources with heaters disposed in the wellbores, wherein the heaters are configured to raise temperatures of the zones to temperatures sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbon material in the zones with an oxidizing fluid;introducing the oxidizing fluid to the zones substantially by diffusion;allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least some of the hydrocarbon material in the zones to produce heat in the zones; andtransferring heat from the zones to the part of the formation. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation comprises:introducing an oxidizing fluid into the formation through a wellbore;transporting the oxidizing fluid substantially by convection to the portion of the part of the formation, wherein the portion of the part of the formation is at a temperature sufficient to support an oxidation reaction with the oxidizing fluid; andreacting the oxidizing fluid in the portion of the part of the formation to generate heat and raise the temperature of the portion. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heat sources comprises an electrical heater disposed in the formation. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heat sources comprises a heater well, wherein the heater well comprises a conduit disposed in the formation, and further comprising heating the conduit by flowing a hot fluid through the conduit. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation and providing the synthesis gas generating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the fo rmation comprises introducing steam into the portion. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:monitoring a composition of the produced synthesis gas; andcontrolling heating of at least the portion of the part of the formation and provision of the synthesis gas generating fluid to maintain the composition of the produced synthesis gas in a desired range. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises liquid water. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises steam. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and carbon dioxide, wherein the carbon dioxide inhibits production of carbon dioxide from the part of the formation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein some of the carbon dioxide in the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises carbon dioxide removed from the formation. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises carbon dioxide, and wherein some of the carbon dioxide reacts with carbon in the formation to generate carbon monoxide. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein some of the carbon dioxide in the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises carbon dioxide removed from the formation. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the synthesis gas generating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the formation comprises raising a water table of the formation to allow water to flow into at least the portion of the part of the formation. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers less than 5, and wherein at least some of the hydrocarbons are subjected to a reaction in at least the portion of the part of the formation to increase a H 2 concentration in the produced synthesis gas. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 4, and wherein at least some of the hydrocarbons react in at least the portion of the part of the formation to increase an energy content of the produced synthesis gas. 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining a pressure in the formation during synthesis gas generation, and passing produced synthesis gas through a turbine to generate electricity. 23. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating electricity from the synthesis gas using a fuel cell. 24. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating electricity from the synthesis gas using a fuel cell, separating carbon dioxide from a fluid exiting the fuel cell, and storing some of the separated carbon dioxide in a spent section of the formation. 25. The method of claim 1, further comprising using some of the synthesis gas as a combustion fuel for one or more of the heat sources. 26. The method of claim 1, further comprising converting at least some of the produced synthesis gas to condensable hydrocarbons using a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. 27. The method of claim 1, further comprising converting at least some of the produced synthesis gas to methanol. 28. The method of claim 1, further comprising converting at least some of the produced synthesis gas to gasoline. 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising converting at least some of the synthesis gas to methane using a catalytic methanation process. 30. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. 32. A method for in situ production of synthesis gas from a coal formation, comprising:allowing heat to transfer directly from one or more heaters to a part of the formation such that the heat from the one or more heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation;producing pyrolysis products from the formation;heating at least a portion of the part of the formation to a temperature sufficient to generate synthesis gas;providing a synthesis gas generating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the formation to generate synthesis gas;controlling the heating of at least the portion of the part of the formation and the provision of the synthesis gas generating fluid to maintain a temperature in at least the portion of the part of the formation above the temperature sufficient to generate synthesis gas; andproducing some of the synthesis gas from the formation. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the one or more heaters comprise at least two heaters, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation. 34. The method of claim 32, further comprising allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heaters to the part of the formation to increase a permeability of the part of the formation such that the permeability of the part of the formation is substantially uniform. 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising controlling heat transfer from the one or more heaters to produce a permeability in the part of the formation of greater than about 100 millidarcy. 36. The method of claim 32, further comprising heating at least the portion of the part of the formation when providing the synthesis gas generating fluid to inhibit temperature decrease in the part of the formation during synthesis gas generation. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation is in a range from approximately 400° C. to approximately 1200° C. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation comprises:heating zones adjacent to wellbores of the one or more heaters with one or more additional heaters disposed in the wellbores, wherein the one or more additional heaters are configured to raise temperatures of the zones to temperatures sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbon material in the zones with an oxidizing fluid;introducing the oxidizing fluid to the zones substantially by diffusion;allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least some of the hydrocarbon material in the zones to produce heat in the zones; andtransferring heat from the zones to the part of the formation. 39. The method of claim 32, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to the temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation comprises:introducing an oxidizing fluid into the formation through a wellbore;transporting the oxidizing fluid substantially by convection into the portion of the part of the formation, wherein the portion of the part of the formation is at a temperature sufficient to support an oxidation reaction with the oxidizing fluid; andreacting the oxidizing fluid in the portion of the part of the formation to generate heat and raise the temperature of the portion. 40. The method of claim 32, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises an electrical heater disposed in the formation. 41. The method of claim 32, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a heater well, wherein the heater well comprises a conduit disposed in the formation, and further comprising heating the conduit by flowing a hot fluid through the conduit. 42. The method of claim 32, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to a temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation and providing the synthesis gas ge nerating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the formation comprises introducing steam to the portion. 43. The method of claim 32, further comprising:monitoring a composition of the produced synthesis gas; andcontrolling heating of at least the portion of the part of the formation and provision of the synthesis gas generating fluid to maintain the composition of the produced synthesis gas in a desired range. 44. The method of claim 32, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises liquid water. 45. The method of claim 32, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises steam. 46. The method of claim 32, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and carbon dioxide. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein some of the carbon dioxide in the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises carbon dioxide removed from the formation. 48. The method of claim 32, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises carbon dioxide, and wherein some of the carbon dioxide reacts with carbon in the formation to generate carbon monoxide. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein some of the carbon dioxide in the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises carbon dioxide removed from the formation. 50. The method of claim 32, wherein providing the synthesis gas generating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the formation comprises raising a water table of the formation to allow water to flow into the at least the portion of the part of the formation. 51. The method of claim 32, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers less than 5, and wherein at least some of the hydrocarbons are subjected to a reaction in at least the portion of the part of the formation to increase a H 2 concentration in the produced synthesis gas. 52. The method of claim 32, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 4, and wherein at least some of the hydrocarbons react in at least the portion of the part of the formation to increase an energy content of the produced synthesis gas. 53. The method of claim 32, further comprising maintaining a pressure in the formation during synthesis gas generation, and passing produced synthesis gas through a turbine to generate electricity. 54. The method of claim 32, further comprising generating electricity from the synthesis gas using a fuel cell. 55. The method of claim 32, further comprising generating electricity from the synthesis gas using a fuel cell, separating carbon dioxide from a fluid exiting the fuel cell, and storing some of the separated carbon dioxide in a spent section of the formation. 56. The method of claim 32, further comprising using some of the synthesis gas as a combustion fuel for one or more of the heaters. 57. The method of claim 32, further comprising providing heat from heaters to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the heaters are located in the formation in a unit of heaters, and wherein the unit of heaters comprises a triangular pattern. 58. The method of claim 32, further comprising providing heat from heaters to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the heaters are located in the formation in a unit of heaters, wherein the unit of heaters comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. 59. A method for in situ production of synthesis gas from a coal formation, comprising:allowing heat to transfer from one or more heat sources to a part of the formation such that the heat from the one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least some of the hydrocarbons in the part of the formation;producing pyrolysis products from the formation;heating at least a portion of the part of the formation to a temperature sufficient to generate synthesis gas;providing a synthesis gas generating fluid to at least the portion of the part of the formation to genera te synthesis gas;controlling the heating of at least the portion of the part of the formation and provision of the synthesis gas generating fluid to maintain a temperature in at least the portion of the part of the formation above the temperature sufficient to generate synthesis gas; andproducing some of the synthesis gas from the formation. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein at least one of the heat sources comprises a heater well, wherein the heater well comprises a conduit disposed in the formation, and futher comprising heating the conduit by flowing a hot fluid through the conduit. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers less than 5, and wherein at least some of the hydrocarbons are subjected to a reaction in at least the portion of the part of the formation to increase a H 2 concentration in the produced synthesis gas. 62. The method of claim 59, wherein the synthesis gas generating fluid comprises water and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 4, and wherein at least some of the hydrocarbons react in at least the portion of the part of the formation to increase an energy content of the produced synthesis gas. 63. The method of claim 59, further comprising generating electricity from the synthesis gas using a fuel cell, separating carbon dioxide from a fluid exiting the fuel cell, and storing some of the separated carbon dioxide in a spent section of the formation. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to a temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation comprises:heating zones adjacent to wellbores of the one or more heat sources with one or more heaters disposed in the wellbores, wherein the one or more heaters are configured to raise temperatures of the zones to temperatures sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbon material in the zones with an oxidizing fluid;introducing the oxidizing fluid to the zones substantially by diffusion;allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least some of the hydrocarbon material in the zones to produce heat in the zones; andtransferring heat from the zones to the part of the formation. 65. The method of claim 59, wherein heating at least the portion of the part of the formation to a temperature sufficient to allow synthesis gas generation comprises:introducing an oxidizing fluid into the formation through a wellbore;transporting the oxidizing fluid substantially by convection to the portion of the part of the formation, wherein the portion of the part of the formation is at a temperature sufficient to support an oxidation reaction with the oxidizing fluid; andreacting the oxidizing fluid in the portion of the part of the formation to generate heat and raise the temperature of the portion.
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