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Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0131348 (2002-04-24) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 195 인용 특허 : 401 |
An oil shale formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a desired temperature. A heating rate
An oil shale formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a desired temperature. A heating rate for a selected volume of the formation may be controlled by altering an amount of heating energy per day that is provided to the selected volume.
What is claimed is: 1. A method of treating an oil shale formation in situ, comprising: heating a selected volume (V) of the oil shale formation, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), wherein heating the selected volume comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction, and
What is claimed is: 1. A method of treating an oil shale formation in situ, comprising: heating a selected volume (V) of the oil shale formation, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), wherein heating the selected volume comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction, and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day (Pwr) provided to the selected volume is equal to or less than h*V*Cv*ρB, wherein ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein an average heating rate (h) of the selected volume is about 10째 C./day. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein heating a selected volume comprises heating with an electrical heater. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the selected volume comprises heating with a surface burner. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the selected volume comprises heating with a flameless distributed combustor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the selected volume comprises heating with at least one natural distributed combustor. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected volume of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a value for Cv is determined as an average heat capacity of two or more samples taken from the oil shale formation. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the selected volume comprises heating the selected volume such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m째 C.). 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25째. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises molecular hydrogen, wherein the molecular hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the molecular hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25째 C. and one atmospheric absolute pressure. 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. 23. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. 24. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected volume of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bars absolute. 25. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation comprising condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bars. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein a partial pressure of H 2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. 27. The method of claim 1, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. 28. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling formation conditions, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the selected volume to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the selected volume; and heating a portion of the selected volume with heat from hydrogenation. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected volume to greater than about 100 millidarcy. 32. The method of claim 1, further comprising substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected volume. 33. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. 34. The method of claim 1, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein at least about 20 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. 36. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. 37. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units.
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