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Capsules and similar objects are made from materials having diamond (sp3) lattice structures, including diamond materials in synthetic crystalline, polycrystalline (ordered or disordered), nanocrystalline and amorphous forms. The capsules generally include a hollow shell made of a diamond material t

Capsules and similar objects are made from materials having diamond (sp3) lattice structures, including diamond materials in synthetic crystalline, polycrystalline (ordered or disordered), nanocrystalline and amorphous forms. The capsules generally include a hollow shell made of a diamond material that defines an interior region that may be empty or that may contain a fluid or solid material. Some of the capsules include access ports that can be used to fill the capsule with a fluid. Capsules and similar structures can be manufactured by growing diamond on suitably shaped substrates. In some of these methods, diamond shell sections are grown on substrates, then joined together. In other methods, a nearly complete diamond shell is grown around a form substrate, and the substrate can be removed through a relatively small opening in the shell.

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What is claimed is: 1. A method of making a capsule, the method comprising: placing a shielding member over a portion of a form substrate; growing a diamond material over the form substrate with the shielding member in place, thereby forming a shell with an opening therein; removing the shielding m

What is claimed is: 1. A method of making a capsule, the method comprising: placing a shielding member over a portion of a form substrate; growing a diamond material over the form substrate with the shielding member in place, thereby forming a shell with an opening therein; removing the shielding member to expose the shielded portion of the form substrate; forming a cap member of the diamond material over the exposed portion of the form substrate, wherein the cap member is distinct from the shell; removing the cap member from the shielded portion of the form substrate; and removing the form substrate through the opening in the shell. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the cap member includes: placing the shell in a shielding holder such that the opening is exposed; applying a release coating over the opening; and growing the diamond material over the release coating to form the cap member. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the diamond material is amorphous diamond. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: introducing a dopant into the diamond material during the act of growing the shell. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: coating or implanting at least a portion of the shell with one or more materials. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the act of removing the form substrate includes wet or dry etching of the form substrate material. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: filling in the opening with additional diamond material after removing the form substrate. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the diamond material is a polycrystalline diamond material comprising a plurality of crystal grains. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein an average value of a major axis of the crystal grains is about 100 nm or less. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the diamond material is a carbon-based diamond material. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the act of growing includes at least one of a chemical vapor deposition process, a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process, a hot wire diamond growth process, or a laser induced amorphous diamond growth process. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising: replacing the cap member after removing the form substrate through the opening; and growing additional diamond material over the shell and the cap member. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising: holding a tube member made of a material other than the diamond material in contact with the exposed portion of the form substrate while growing the cap material. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: removing the tube member after growing the cap material, thereby forming an access port for the capsule. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the form substrate is substantially spherical. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein local deviations from a target spherical shape on an outer surface of the form substrate are less than about 4 nm. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the shell is substantially spherical. 18. A method of making a capsule, the method comprising: growing a shell of a diamond material over a form substrate such that the shell covers all of the form substrate; forming an opening through the shell; removing the form substrate through the opening; and creating an access port in the shell, the access port being usable to fill an interior of the capsule with a fluid after removing the form substrate, wherein creating the access port includes: holding one or more pins in contact with the form substrate during the act of growing the shell; and separating the one or more pins from the form substrate subsequently to the act of growing the shell, thereby opening the access port. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein creating the access port includes: coating the shell with an etch resist; patterning the etch resist to define a location of the access port; and etching the shell at the location of the access port to create an opening through the shell. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein forming an opening includes forming exactly one opening through the shell. 21. The method of claim 18 further comprising: filling in the opening with additional diamond material after removing the form substrate. 22. The method of claim 18 further comprising: filling the capsule with a fluid via the access port. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising: filling in the access port after filling the capsule with fluid. 24. The method of claim 18 wherein the form substrate is substantially spherical. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein local deviations from a target spherical shape on an outer surface of the form substrate are less than about 4 nm. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the shell is substantially spherical. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein forming an opening includes forming a plurality of openings through the shell. 28. A method of making a capsule, the method comprising: growing a shell of a diamond material over a form substrate such that the shell covers all of the form substrate; forming an opening through the shell; removing the form substrate through the opening; creating an access port in the shell, the access port being usable to fill an interior of the capsule with a fluid after removing the form substrate; and forming a valve in the shell, the valve being operable to open or close the access port. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein creating the access port includes using an energetic beam of charged particles, a laser, or machining. 30. The method of claim 28 wherein the act of forming the valve includes: holding a pin in contact with the form substrate during the act of growing such that a deformable lip is formed in the shell, wherein the deformable lip operates as the valve. 31. The method of claim 28 wherein the act of forming the valve includes: coating a tapered filament made of the diamond material with a material other than the diamond material; holding an end of the coated filament in contact with the form substrate during the act of growing the shell; and after the act of growing the shell, removing the coating from the filament, wherein after removal of the coating, the filament is displaceably captive in the shell and operates as the valve. 32. The method of claim 28 further comprising: filling the capsule with a fluid; and modifying the capsule environment such that the pressure of the fluid on the valve closes the access port.