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A method and an apparatus for the efficient transfer of heat utilizing micro heat pipes that include a cellular foam or interconnected cellular/truss network having hollow ligaments. A predetermined fraction of the internal volume of the hollow ligaments is filled with a carefully chosen working flu

A method and an apparatus for the efficient transfer of heat utilizing micro heat pipes that include a cellular foam or interconnected cellular/truss network having hollow ligaments. A predetermined fraction of the internal volume of the hollow ligaments is filled with a carefully chosen working fluid, and the ends of the hollow ligaments are sealed. In operation, the working fluid evaporates in the region of high heat flux and condenses in regions of lower temperature, resulting in the transfer or redistribution of the fluid's latent heat of vaporization. For open cell foams and interconnected networks, a second fluid flowing through the open cells, separate from the working fluid but also in thermal contact with the hollow ligaments, assists in the transfer of heat from the foam and networks.

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We claim: 1. A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional heat exchanger, comprising: providing an open cell foam having hollow ligaments; partially filling said hollow ligaments of said foam with a working fluid; evacuating all contents of said hollow ligaments except for the desired quantity of

We claim: 1. A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional heat exchanger, comprising: providing an open cell foam having hollow ligaments; partially filling said hollow ligaments of said foam with a working fluid; evacuating all contents of said hollow ligaments except for the desired quantity of said working fluid, wherein said working fluid fills between about 0.05% and about 15% of the internal volume of said hollow ligaments of said foam; and sealing the ends of said hollow ligaments to contain said working fluid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said foam is made of a material selected from the group consisting of a metal, metallic alloy, ceramic, polymer, and composite material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said hollow ligaments of said foam are stochastically ordered. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said hollow ligaments of said foam are periodically ordered. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said working fluid is selected from the group consisting of H2, N0, N2, O2, CH4, F-21, F-11, C6H6, (CH3)CO, CH3OH, NH3, H2O, Hg, Cs, K, Na, Li, and Ag. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said working fluid is made of a material having a melting point less than about 1000K. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said working fluid is made of a material having a melting point less than about 200K. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said working fluid fills less than about 50% of the internal volume of said hollow ligaments of said foam. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said hollow foam is formed by a method comprising: providing a solid ligament foam; coating said solid ligament foam with a material of higher melting temperature than said solid ligament foam; and evaporating said solid ligament foam by heating the coated solid ligament foam combination to a temperature greater than vaporization temperature of said solid ligament foam, but below the melting temperature of said coating material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said solid ligament foam is a polymer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said polymer is made of a type selected from the group consisting of polyurethane polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said coating material is applied to the solid ligament foam by means of a vapor deposition process. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said deposition process utilizes a carrier gas stream to direct the material vapor. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein said deposition process is directed vapor deposition. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein said coating material is applied to the solid ligament foam by a process selected from the group consisting of CVD, high pressure thermal evaporation, and high pressure sputtering. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the ligaments of said solid ligament foam are stochastically or periodically ordered. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein said solid ligament foam is selected from a material selected from the group consisting of water soluble salt, oxidizable graphite, an easily decomposed polymer, and meltable wax. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said filling occurs after said evacuating. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said filling at least partially occurs after said evacuating. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said filling at least partially occurs during said evacuating. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said evacuating occurs after said filling. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said evacuating at least partially occurs after said filling. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said evacuating at least partially occurs during said filling. 24. A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional heat exchanger, comprising: providing an open cell foam having hollow ligaments; partially filling said hollow ligaments of said foam with a working fluid; evacuating all contents of said hollow ligaments except for the desired quantity of said working fluid; and sealing the ends of said hollow ligaments to contain said working fluid; and wherein said hollow foam is formed by a method comprising: providing a solid ligament foam; coating said solid ligament foam with a material of higher melting temperature than said solid ligament foam; and evaporating said solid ligament foam by heating the coated solid ligament foam combination to a temperature greater than vaporization temperature of said solid ligament foam, but below the melting temperature of said coating material. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said solid ligament foam is a polymer. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said polymer is made of a type selected from the group consisting of polyurethane polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein said coating material is applied to the solid ligament foam by means of a vapor deposition process. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said deposition process utilizes a carrier gas stream to direct the material vapor. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said deposition process is directed vapor deposition. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein said coating material is applied to the solid ligament foam by a process selected from the group consisting of CVD, high pressure thermal evaporation, and high pressure sputtering. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein the ligaments of said solid ligament foam are stochastically or periodically ordered. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein said solid ligament foam is selected from a material from th group consisting of water soluble salt, oxidizable graphite, an easily decomposed polymer, and meltable wax.