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Electrochemical apparatus and methods that support periodic, non-steady state, or discontinuous operation without suffering degradation of materials or loss of efficiency. The invention provides a means for positioning one or more electrodes into contact with electrolyte and means for retracting the

Electrochemical apparatus and methods that support periodic, non-steady state, or discontinuous operation without suffering degradation of materials or loss of efficiency. The invention provides a means for positioning one or more electrodes into contact with electrolyte and means for retracting the one or more electrodes out of contact with the electrolyte. The means for positioning and means for retracting may be the same device or different devices. The means for positioning and means for retracting may be designed to provide automatic, passive, or fail-safe retraction of the electrode upon a given shutdown condition, such as a voltage of less than one Volt being applied between the first and second electrodes, expiration of a time period, an ozone concentration greater than a setpoint ozone concentration, contact pressure of less than 5 psig, and combinations thereof.

대표청구항 ▼

What is claimed is: 1. An electrochemical apparatus, comprising: an electrochemical cell having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode electrodes, wherein the anode electrode has a lead dioxide electrocatalyst facing the electrolyte; a power

What is claimed is: 1. An electrochemical apparatus, comprising: an electrochemical cell having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode electrodes, wherein the anode electrode has a lead dioxide electrocatalyst facing the electrolyte; a power source for applying a voltage between the anode and cathode electrodes; a passive retractor mechanism for biasing the anode electrode out of contact with the electrolyte, wherein the passive retractor mechanism is coupled to the anode electrode by a positioning rod; and an active actuator mechanism that is operable based on power provided from the power source such that the active actuator mechanism overcomes the biasing of the passive retractor mechanism to move the anode electrode into contact with the electrolyte. 2. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the passive retractor mechanism is a stored energy device. 3. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 2, wherein the stored energy device is selected from a spring, gravity, hydraulic accumulator, pneumatic accumulator, or combinations thereof. 4. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is an ion exchange membrane. 5. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 4, wherein water is provided to the membrane from the anode side of the membrane. 6. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 4, wherein liquid water or water vapor is provided from the cathode side of the membrane for back diffusion through the membrane to the anode electrode. 7. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 4, wherein liquid water or water vapor is provided to an exposed area of the membrane for absorption of water into the membrane. 8. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, characterized in that the lead dioxide maintains its activity during repetitive cycling of the power source. 9. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is stationary. 10. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 9, wherein the electrolyte is an ion exchange membrane. 11. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 10, wherein the cathode electrode is stationary. 12. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical cell is included in a stack of electrochemical cells. 13. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a lead removal device in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell. 14. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 13, wherein the lead removal device contains a material known to bind or adsorb lead ions, particulates or colloidal species. 15. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 14, wherein the material is selected from a zeolite, alumina, silica, or mixtures thereof. 16. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 14, wherein the material is in powdered or granulated form. 17. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the anode electrode is retracted out of contact with the electrolyte when no voltage is being applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. 18. The electrochemical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the passive retractor mechanism further comprises a guide member to align the anode.