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An apparatus for thermochemical conversion of solid carbonaceous materials into fluid fuels using a fluid source of oxygen and an external source of concentrated radiation includes a reactor having a wall defining a cavity; a radiation inlet positioned in the wall for passing concentrated radiation

An apparatus for thermochemical conversion of solid carbonaceous materials into fluid fuels using a fluid source of oxygen and an external source of concentrated radiation includes a reactor having a wall defining a cavity; a radiation inlet positioned in the wall for passing concentrated radiation into the cavity; and at least one inlet for introducing a fluid reactant flow of a source of oxygen and particles of carbonaceous material into direct exposure to the concentrated radiation in the cavity so as to heat and thermochemically convert the particles into fluid fuel. A process and system are also provided. The fluid source of oxygen is preferably steam and the carbonaceous material is preferably particles of petcoke.

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What is claimed is: 1. An apparatus for thermochemical conversion of solid carbonaceous materials into fluid fuels using a fluid source of oxygen and an external source of concentrated radiation, comprising: a reactor having a wall defining a cavity; a source of concentrated radiation comprises a s

What is claimed is: 1. An apparatus for thermochemical conversion of solid carbonaceous materials into fluid fuels using a fluid source of oxygen and an external source of concentrated radiation, comprising: a reactor having a wall defining a cavity; a source of concentrated radiation comprises a source concentrated solar energy; a radiation inlet positioned in the wall for passing concentrated radiation into the cavity; and at least one inlet for introducing a fluid reactant flow of a source of oxygen and particles of carbonaceous material into direct exposure to the concentrated radiation in the cavity so as to heat and thermochemically convert the particles into fluid fuel, wherein the at least one inlet comprises at least one oxygen inlet for introducing a flow of said source of oxygen, and an inlet for said particles wherein the oxygen inlet and particle are co-planar whereby said particles are entrained by said flow of said source of oxygen to provide said reactant flow. 2. The apparatus of claim 1,further comprising a source of concentrated radiation communicated with said inlet. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the source of external radiation comprises a hybrid source of concentrated solar energy and fossil fuel generated thermal energy. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one inlet comprises at least one tangential inlet for introducing the fluid reactant flow to generate a helical flow path along the cavity and through contact with the concentrated radiation. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one inlet comprises a plurality of inlets which introduce components of the fluid reactant flow into the cavity separately. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one inlet introduces components of the fluid reactant flow into the cavity in the form of a slurry. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a radiation inlet chamber having a window at one end and a radiation outlet end aligned with the radiation inlet of the reactor. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the radiation inlet chamber has a wall which defines a converging radiation path which converges from the one end to the outlet end. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the radiation inlet chamber has the shape of a cone. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising at least one inlet in the radiation inlet chamber for introducing a flow of a gas into the radiation inlet chamber to cool and aerodynamically protect the window. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the inlet to the radiation inlet chamber comprises a plurality of axis-symmetrically distributed tangential and radial injection ports. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of axis symmetrically distributed tangential and radial injection ports comprises a first set containing axis-symmetrically distributed radial injection ports and a second set containing axis-symmetrically distributed tangential injection ports, wherein the second set is spaced from the first set along the axis of the radiation inlet chamber. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the radial injection ports are substantially adjacent to the window, and wherein the tangential injection ports are positioned between the radial injection ports and the outlet end. 14. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the radiation inlet chamber positions the window sufficiently far from the reactor to protect the window from overheating. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wall of the reactor has an inner surface having an area, and wherein the radiation inlet has an area which is less than or equal to ⅓ of the area of the inner surface of the wall of the reactor. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reactor is thermally insulated. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the wall is lined with alumina and insulated with an alumina/zirconia foam. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the source of oxygen comprises a source of steam. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one inlet comprises a plurality of tangential injection points positioned along the wall. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the plurality of tangential injection ports comprises at least two sets of substantially axis-symmetrically distributed tangential nozzles. 21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wall comprises heat resistant ceramic bricks that are able to withstand temperatures of at least 1,300K. 22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wall defines a substantially cylindrical structure having opposed ends, wherein the radiation inlet for receiving the concentrated radiation is defined at one end and a product outlet is defined at the other end, and wherein the at least one inlet is positioned through the wall. 23. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the radiation inlet chamber comprises a cone shaped member having a small diameter open end aligned with the reaction inlet aperture, and a large diameter open end, and wherein a window is mounted over the large diameter open end. 24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reactor further comprises an outlet at an opposite end of the reactor from the radiation inlet, wherein the outlet is positioned along the axis of the reactor. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising an axial outlet tube within the reactor and along the axis of the reactor. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the axial outlet tube is open at both ends. 27. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a heat exchanger in heat exchange relationship with the reactor and a source of water to the heat exchanger whereby water from said source of water is converted to steam. 28. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a heat exchanger in heat exchange relationship with at least one of the reactor and the radiation inlet chamber and a source of water to the heat exchanger whereby water from said source of water is converted to steam. 29. A system for converting carbonaceous material into a fluid fuel, comprising: the apparatus of claim 1; a generation unit communicated with the at least one inlet for providing the fluid source of oxygen; a feeder unit communicated with the at least one inlet for providing the particles of solid carbonaceous material; a generation unit communicated with the at least one inlet to the radiation inlet chamber for providing the flow of gas to aerodynamically protect the window from material deposition and overheating; a cooling/heating unit to maintain the radiation inlet chamber at a temperature that is above the condensation temperature of steam; and a control unit which communicates with the reactor, generation units, feeder unit, and cooling/heating unit to operate the system to produce fluid fuel from the solid carbonaceous material.