초록

Catalytic system combining an aluminium or iron containing catalytic support, a rare earth containing porous deposit, carbon nanoparticles and a carbon containing structure making bonds between carbon nanoparticles.

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What I claim is: 1. Burning process in which a carbon containing combustible is burned at least partly at a temperature higher than 700° C. and at a pressure higher than 10×105 Pa, said process being catalysed by at least a catalytic system comprising at least: a support containing at least one ato

What I claim is: 1. Burning process in which a carbon containing combustible is burned at least partly at a temperature higher than 700° C. and at a pressure higher than 10×105 Pa, said process being catalysed by at least a catalytic system comprising at least: a support containing at least one atom selected from the group consisting of aluminium and iron, at least one deposit contacting said support, said deposit containing at least Ce, Pr, Nd and La, whereby said deposit comprising a series of adjacent grains with a size greater than 1 μm, whereby said grains of said series have a first face in direct contact with the support and a second face not contacting the support, whereby said deposit covers a first portion of the support, while not covering a second portion of the support so as to define zones extending between adjacent grains, a first group of carbon nano particles contacting only a portion of the second face of one deposit, whereby leaving at least partly said second face of said deposit free of carbon deposit, a second group of carbon nano particles contacting only partly the second portion of the support, and a carbon containing structure extending between at least one carbon nano particle of the first group and at least one carbon nano particle of the second group. 2. The process of claim 1, in which the burning is at least made partly in an atmosphere with a water vapour concentration of at least 10% by volume. 3. The process of claim 1, in which the burning is at least made partly in an atmosphere with a water vapour concentration of at least 15% by volume. 4. The process of claim 1, in which the burning is at least made partly in an atmosphere with a water vapour concentration of at least 20% by volume. 5. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is contacted with a Cerium containing gaseous combustible mixture comprising less than 10 ppm Ce. 6. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is contacted with a Cerium containing gaseous combustible mixture comprising less than 5 ppm. 7. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is contacted with a Cerium containing gaseous combustible mixture comprising less than 1 ppm Ce. 8. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is submitted intermittently to a treatment step selected from the group consisting of regeneration step and rejuvenation step, two successive treatment steps being spaced by at a period of at least 10 minutes. 9. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is submitted intermittently to a treatment step selected from the group consisting of regeneration step and rejuvenation step, two successive treatment steps being spaced by at a period of at least 30 minutes. 10. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is submitted intermittently to a treatment step selected from the group consisting of regeneration step and rejuvenation step, two successive treatment steps being spaced by at a period of at least 60 minutes. 11. The process of claim 1, in which by burning of the combustible material, flue gases with a NOx content is formed, in which at least a parameter selected from the group consisting of the NOx content, a parameter function of the NOx content, an average NOx content and a parameter function of the average NOx content is determined, in which the catalytic system is submitted intermittently to a treatment step selected from the group consisting of regeneration step and rejuvenation step, and in which the treatment step being carried when the parameter is greater than a predetermined value. 12. The process of claim 11, in which the treatment step is carried at least by admitting a cerium containing compound in the burning chamber, whereby said catalytic system is contacted with said cerium containing compound in presence of flue gases. 13. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon containing structure of the catalytic system which extends between at least one carbon nano particle of the first group and at least one carbon nano particle of the second group comprises agglomerated carbon nano particles. 14. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon containing structure of the catalytic system which extend between at least one carbon nano particle of the first group and at least one carbon nano particle of the second group comprises agglomerated carbon nano particles comprising at least one carbon nanoparticles of the first group and at least one carbon nano particle of the second group. 15. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon containing structure of the catalytic system comprises a condensed liquid hydrocarbon phase. 16. The process of claim 15, in which the condensed liquid hydrocarbon phase comprises condensed liquid hydrocarbons with a condensation temperature below 300° C. at atmospheric pressure. 17. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit comprises at least one further atom selected from the group consisting of Eu, Sc, Yb, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Ca, Mg, Ba, Si, Cu, P, N, S, C, Fl, Cl and mixtures thereof. 18. The process of claim 1, in which grains of the deposit have a lamellar structure. 19. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit comprises cerium oxide. 20. The process of claim 1, which comprises activated carbon particles. 21. The process of claim 1, in which the weight ratio Ce+Pr+La+Nd/C in the catalytic system after removal of the condensed liquid hydrocarbon having a condensation temperature of less than 300° C. at atmospheric pressure is comprised between 0.05 and 10. 22. The process of claim 1, in which the weight ratio Ce+Pr+La+Nd/C in the catalytic system after removal of the condensed liquid hydrocarbon having a condensation temperature of less than 300° C. at atmospheric pressure is comprised between 0.1 and 1. 23. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system is free of Pt, Ir, Pd, Rh, Au and Ag. 24. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system comprises at least one doping atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Ca, Mg, Ba, Si, Cu, P, N, S, C, Fl, Cl and mixtures thereof. 25. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon containing structure comprises a condensed liquid hydrocarbon phase comprising from 3 to 30% by weight Oxygen. 26. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon containing structure comprises a condensed liquid hydrocarbon phase comprising from 5 to 20% by weight Oxygen. 27. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon containing structure comprises a condensed liquid hydrocarbon phase in which active carbon nanoparticles are dispersed. 28. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit has a maximum thickness of 100 μm. 29. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit has a maximum thickness of 50 μm. 30. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit has a maximum thickness of 10 μm. 31. The process of claim 1, in which the support is an aluminium containing support. 32. The process of claim 1, in which more than 90% by weight of the deposit and the carbon containing structure is constituted from atoms selected from the group consisting of C, Ce, Pr, Eu, Sc, Yb, Nd, La, O, H, N, S, P, Ca. 33. The process of claim 1, in which more than 95% by weight of the deposit and the carbon containing structure is constituted from atoms selected from the group consisting of C, Ce, Pr, Eu, Sc, Yb, Nd, La, O, H, N, S, P, Ca. 34. The process of claim 1, in which more than 99% by weight of the deposit and the carbon containing structure is constituted from atoms selected from the group consisting of C, Ce, Pr, Eu, Sc, Yb, Nd, La, O, H, N, S, P, Ca. 35. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit of the catalytic system comprises some grains with a size greater than 100 nm. 36. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit of the catalytic system comprises grains with a size comprised between 250 nm and 200 μm. 37. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit of the catalytic system comprises some grains with a size comprised between 1 μm and 20 μm. 38. The process of claim 1, in which at least 95% by weight of the carbon containing combustible is burned in a presence of an amount of catalytic system such that the weight ratio carbon containing combustible/catalytic system is lower than 0.1. 39. The process of claim 1, in which at least 95% by weight of the carbon containing combustible is burned in a presence of an amount of catalytic system such that the weight ratio carbon containing combustible/catalytic system is lower than 0.05. 40. The process of claim 1, in which at least 95% by weight of the carbon containing combustible is burned in a presence of an amount of catalytic system such that the weight ratio carbon containing combustible/catalytic system is comprised between 0.02 and 0.0001. 41. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system has a BET surface of at least 2 m2/g after being treated at 300° C. for 8 hours at atmospheric pressure. 42. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit, the carbon nanoparticles of the first group, the carbon nanoparticles of the second group, and the carbon containing structure of the catalytic system has a BET surface of at least 2 m2/g after being treated at 300° C. for 8 hours at atmospheric pressure. 43. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit, the carbon nanoparticles of the first group, the carbon nanoparticles of the second group, and the carbon containing structure has a BET surface of at least 5 m2/g after being treated at 300° C. for 8 hours at atmospheric pressure. 44. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system develops a surface area of at least 100 cm2 per cm3 of the burning chamber. 45. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system develops a surface area of more than 250 cm2 per cm3 of the burning chamber. 46. The process of claim 1, in which the catalytic system develops a surface area of more than 1000 cm2 per cm3 of the burning chamber. 47. The process of claim 1, in which after removal, from the catalyst system, of the condensed liquid hydrocarbon having a condensation temperature of less than 300° C. at 105 Pa, the burning chamber has a maximal volume, and in which the burning chamber is provided with at least 0.5 g of catalyst system per 100 cm3 of said maximal volume of the burning chamber. 48. The process of claim 47, in which after removal, from the catalyst system, of the condensed liquid hydrocarbon having a condensation temperature of less than 300° C. at 105 Pa, the sum (amount of deposit contacting the support+amount of carbon nanoparticles+amount of carbon containing structure of the catalyst system) is at least 0.5 g per 100 cm3 of maximal volume of the burning chamber. 49. The process of claim 48, in which after removal, from the catalyst system, of the condensed liquid hydrocarbon having a condensation temperature of less than 300° C. at 105 Pa, the sum ( amount of deposit contacting the support+amount of carbon nanoparticles+amount of carbon containing structure of the catalyst system) is comprised between 0.7 and 5 g per 100 cm3 of maximal volume of the burning chamber. 50. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit of the catalyst system is porous. 51. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon nano particles of the catalyst system form a porous volume. 52. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon nanoparticles of the catalyst system are of the carbon black type. 53. The process of claim 1, in which the carbon nanoparticles of the catalyst system are of the electrically conductive carbon black type. 54. The process of claim 1, in which at least 50% by weight of the carbon nanoparticles of the catalyst system are of the electrically conductive carbon black type, said carbon black particles having a primary particle size of less than 30 nm, a bulk density of less than 150 kg/m3, an electrical resistivity of less than 10 ohm.cm, and a surface area BET greater than 75 m2/g. 55. The process of claim 54, in which the carbon nanoparticles are substantially amorphous. 56. The process of claim 1, in which at least 50% by weight of the carbon nanoparticles of the catalyst system are of the electrically conductive carbon black type, said carbon black particles having a primary particle size of less than 30 nm, a bulk density of less than 150 kg/m3, an electrical resistivity of less than 1 ohm.cm, and a surface area BET greater than 200 m2/g. 57. The process of claim 1, in which at least 50% by weight of the carbon nanoparticles of the catalyst system are of the electrically conductive carbon black type, said carbon black particles having a primary particle size of less than 30 nm, a bulk density of less than 150 kg/m3, an electrical resistivity of less than 0.1 ohm.cm, and a surface area BET greater than 200 m2/g. 58. The process of claim 1, which comprises at least a filling step, a compression step, a burning step and an exhaust step, whereby the pH of the carbon nanoparticles varies from an acid pH when starting the burning to an alkaline pH during the burning, the pH returning to an acid range during at least one step selected from the group consisting of the filling step, the compression step, the exhaust step and combinations thereof. 59. The process of claim 58, in which the catalyst system absorbs oxygen containing groups selected from the group consisting of water, phenol, carboxylic acid, ketones and mixtures thereof during at least one step selected from the group consisting of the filling step, the compression step, the exhaust step and combinations thereof. 60. The process of claim 1, in which the deposit of the catalyst system is porous, whereby said porous deposit comprises hydrocarbons suitable to be released during at least a portion of the burning phase.