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A contained pipeline and leak detection system includes a primary pipeline section surrounded by a secondary pipeline section and an interstitial space formed between the primary pipeline section and the secondary pipeline section. A pressurized fluid reservoir having a volume of fluid, and in fluid

A contained pipeline and leak detection system includes a primary pipeline section surrounded by a secondary pipeline section and an interstitial space formed between the primary pipeline section and the secondary pipeline section. A pressurized fluid reservoir having a volume of fluid, and in fluid communication with the interstitial space is provided. The fluid in the interstitial space has a pressure greater than the pressure of a fluid inside the primary pipeline section. A sensor detects changes in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir, which are indicative of leakage or system malfunction.

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What is claimed is: 1. A contained pipeline system comprising: a primary pipeline section surrounded by a secondary pipeline section; a first interstitial space formed between the primary and secondary pipeline sections; a fitting coupled to the secondary pipeline section and for coupling to a seco

What is claimed is: 1. A contained pipeline system comprising: a primary pipeline section surrounded by a secondary pipeline section; a first interstitial space formed between the primary and secondary pipeline sections; a fitting coupled to the secondary pipeline section and for coupling to a secondary pipeline section of another contained pipeline section, said fitting surrounding at least a portion of the primary pipeline section, wherein a second interstitial space is defined between the fitting and said at least a portion of the primary pipeline section; a pressurized fluid reservoir having a volume of pressurized fluid, wherein the first and second interstitial spaces are filled with the fluid and the fluid in the interstitial spaces is maintained at a controlled pressure; a sensor for detecting changes in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir; and wherein the fluid in the interstitial spaces has a pressure greater than the pressure of a fluid inside the primary pipeline section, wherein a leak in any of said primary and secondary pipeline sections and said fitting will cause the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir to decrease. 2. The pipeline system of claim 1, wherein the first interstitial space has a thickness not exceeding about 1 mm. 3. The pipeline system of claim 1, wherein the fluid is brine. 4. The pipeline system of claim 1, wherein the secondary pipeline section is a 3-inch pipeline section and the primary pipeline section is a 2-inch pipeline section. 5. The pipeline system of claim 1 wherein the pressure of the fluid in the interstitial spaces is at least one atmosphere greater than the fluid in the primary pipeline section. 6. The pipeline system of claim 1 wherein the sensor is a two-level alarm system that provides an alarm at a first level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has increased to a first predetermined amount, and provides an alarm at a second level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has decreased to a second predetermined amount. 7. The pipeline system of claim 6 wherein the alarm at the second level indicates a leak in one or more of the primary pipeline section, the secondary pipeline section, and the fitting. 8. The pipeline system of claim 1 wherein the fluid reservoir is pressurized by a gas that is inserted into the fluid reservoir, such that the fluid in the interstitial spaces is maintained at the controlled pressure. 9. The pipeline system of claim 8 wherein the first level alarm indicates that the controlled pressure has been disrupted. 10. The pipeline system of claim 1 wherein a permeable layer of material occupies the first interstitial space and wherein the permeable layer of material is a layer of granular material. 11. The pipeline system of claim 10 wherein the granular material is selected from the group of materials consisting of sand and beads. 12. The pipeline system of claim 1 wherein said pressure of the fluid in the interstitial spaces is maintained at a desired level. 13. A pipeline system comprising: a first pipeline section having a first secondary pipeline section disposed around a first primary pipeline section, wherein a first interstitial space is formed between the first secondary pipeline section and the first primary pipeline section; a second pipeline section having a second secondary pipeline section disposed around a second primary pipeline section, wherein a second interstitial space is formed between the second secondary pipeline section and the second primary pipeline section, wherein the first primary pipeline section is coupled to the second primary pipeline section; a fitting coupling the first pipeline secondary pipeline section to the second pipeline secondary pipeline section and surrounding the coupled primary pipeline sections, wherein a third interstitial space is defined between the coupled primary pipeline sections and the fitting; a pressurized fluid reservoir having a volume of pressurized fluid, wherein the first, second and third interstitial spaces are filled with the fluid; a sensor for detecting changes in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir; and wherein the fluid reservoir and the first, second and third interstitial spaces are maintained at a controlled pressure greater than the pressure of a fluid inside the first and second primary pipeline sections, wherein a leak in any of said first primary, second primary, first secondary and second secondary pipeline sections, and said coupled primary pipeline sections and said fitting will cause the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir to decrease. 14. The pipeline system of claim 13, wherein the first and second interstitial spaces have a thickness not exceeding about 1 mm. 15. The pipeline system of claim 13, wherein the fluid is brine. 16. The pipeline system of claim 13, wherein the secondary pipeline sections are 3-inch pipeline sections and the primary pipeline sections are 2-inch pipeline sections. 17. The pipeline system of claim 13 wherein the pressure of the fluid inside the fluid reservoir and the first and second interstitial spaces is at least one atmosphere greater than the pressure of the fluid inside the first and second primary pipeline sections. 18. The pipeline system of claim 13 wherein the sensor is a two-level alarm system that provides an alarm at a first level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has increased to a first predetermined amount, and provides an alarm at a second level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has decreased to a second predetermined amount. 19. The pipeline system of claim 18 wherein the alarm at the second level indicates a leak in one or more of the first or second primary pipeline sections, the first or second secondary pipeline sections, or the fitting. 20. The pipeline system of claim 13 wherein the fluid reservoir is pressurized by a gas that is inserted into the fluid reservoir, such that the controlled pressure in the interstitial spaces is maintained at a desired level. 21. The pipeline system of claim 20 wherein the first level alarm indicates that the controlled pressure has been disrupted. 22. The pipeline system of claim 13 wherein a permeable layer of material defines each of the first and the second interstitial spaces. 23. The pipeline system of claim 22 wherein the permeable layer of material is a layer of granular material. 24. The pipeline system of claim 23 wherein the granular material is selected from the group of materials consisting of sand and beads. 25. The pipeline system of claim 13 wherein the pressure pressurizing the first, second and third interstitial spaces is maintained at a desired level. 26. A method of monitoring a contained pipeline system having a primary pipeline section surrounded by a secondary pipeline section defining a first interstitial space between the primary pipeline section and the secondary pipeline section, and having a fitting coupled to the secondary pipeline section and surrounding at least a portion of the primary pipeline section defining a second interstitial space between the fitting and said at least a portion of the primary pipeline section, wherein a fluid reservoir is in communication with the first and second interstitial spaces, the method comprising: providing a fluid in the fluid reservoir, said fluid entering the interstitial spaces; pressurizing the fluid in the fluid reservoir and the interstitial spaces to a pressure greater than the pressure of a fluid inside the primary pipeline section; and monitoring changes in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir while maintaining the pressure of the fluid in the interstitial spaces at a desired level, wherein a decrease in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir is indicative of a leak in any of said primary pipeline section, said secondary pipeline section and said fitting. 27. The method of claim 26 further comprising activating an alarm system when changes in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir are detected, wherein changes in the volume are also indicative of a system malfunction. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the alarm system is a two-level alarm system that provides an alarm at a first level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has increased to a first predetermined amount, and provides an alarm at a second level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has decreased to a second predetermined amount. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the alarm at the second level indicates a leak in one or more of the primary pipeline section, the secondary pipeline section and the fitting. 30. The method of claim 26 wherein the fluid reservoir is pressurized by a gas that is inserted into the fluid reservoir for maintaining said pressure in the interstitial spaces at the desired level. 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the first level alarm indicates that the controlled pressure has been disrupted. 32. The pipeline system of claim 19 wherein a permeable layer of material occupies the first interstitial space and wherein the permeable layer of material is a layer of granular material. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the granular material is selected from the group of materials consisting of sand and beads. 34. A method of monitoring a contained pipeline system having a first pipeline section and a second pipeline section, each having a secondary portion disposed around a primary portion and defining an interstitial space there-between, wherein the primary portions of the pipeline sections are coupled to each other, and wherein the secondary portions of the pipeline sections are coupled to each other with a fitting, wherein an annulus is defined between the fitting and the coupled primary portions, the method comprising: providing a fluid reservoir having a volume of fluid; supplying the fluid from the fluid reservoir into the interstitial spaces and the annulus, wherein the interstitial spaces and the annulus are in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir; pressurizing the fluid in the fluid reservoir, the interstitial spaces and the annulus to a pressure greater than the pressure of a fluid inside the primary portions; detecting a leakage in any of the primary portions, wherein the fluid in the interstitial spaces and the annulus is maintained at a controlled pressure, the secondary portions, the coupling of the primary portions, and the fitting by monitoring the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir, wherein the leakage causes the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir to change, wherein a decrease in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir is indicative of a leak in any of said primary portions and secondary portions of said first and second pipeline sections, the coupling of the primary portions and the fitting. 35. The method of claim 34 further comprising activating an alarm system when changes in the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir are detected, wherein changes in the volume are also indicative of a system malfunction. 36. The method of claim 34 wherein the fluid reservoir is pressurized by a gas that is inserted into the fluid reservoir in a space that is above the fluid in the fluid reservoir, such that the fluid in the interstitial spaces and the annulus is maintained at the controlled pressure. 37. The method of claim 34 wherein the alarm system is a two-level alarm system that provides an alarm at a first level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has increased to a first predetermined amount, and provides an alarm at a second level when the volume of fluid in the fluid reservoir has decreased to a second predetermined amount. 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the alarm at the second level indicates a leak in one or more of the primary portions, the secondary portions, or the fitting. 39. The method of claim 37 wherein the first level alarm indicates that the controlled pressure has been disrupted. 40. The method of claim 34 wherein a permeable layer of material defines each interstitial space of the first and of the second pipeline sections. 41. The pipeline system of claim 40 wherein the permeable layer of material is a layer of granular material. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein the granular material is selected from the group of materials consisting of sand and beads. 43. The method of claim 34 wherein during detecting, the pressure of the fluid is maintained at a desired level.