초록

The invention provides methods of combusting a fuel in a reactor that includes at least 3 zones each of which contains a solid catalyst. A method of making a thermally-stable alumina support from fumed alumina is also described.

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We claim: 1. A method of reacting a fuel composition, comprising: in a reactor with three zones positioned such that a gas can travel from a first zone to a second zone and then to a third zone; passing a first gas composition comprising 60-90 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 35-60 parts CO, 100-160 pa

We claim: 1. A method of reacting a fuel composition, comprising: in a reactor with three zones positioned such that a gas can travel from a first zone to a second zone and then to a third zone; passing a first gas composition comprising 60-90 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 35-60 parts CO, 100-160 parts H2 and 90-140 parts O2; reacting the first gas composition in the first zone over a first solid catalyst in the first zone to form a first product gas comprising H2O and CO; wherein oxygen conversion in the first zone is greater than 90%, wherein oxygen selectivity for the conversion of H2 to H2O is less than 80% and wherein, in the first zone, oxygen selectivity for the conversion of hydrocarbon to CO is the same as or greater than the oxygen selectivity for the conversion of CO to CO2; passing the first product gas into the second zone; reacting a second gas composition in the second zone over a second solid catalyst in the second zone to form a second product gas comprising H2O and CO; wherein the second gas composition comprises 10-70 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 40-80 parts CO, 20-100 parts H2 and 30-90 parts O2; wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the second zone is 50% or greater, the CO conversion is 30% or less, wherein oxygen selectivity for oxidation of hydrocarbon is 40% or greater; passing the second product gas into the third zone; reacting a third gas composition in the third zone over a third solid catalyst in the third zone to form a third product gas comprising H2O and CO2; wherein the third gas composition comprises 2-30 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 10-40 parts CO, 20-70 parts H2; and wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the third zone is 95% or greater, the CO conversion is 95% or greater. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of using heat from the reaction of the fuel composition to drive an endothermic reaction. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon entering the first zone contains at least 90% by volume methane. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein temperature in the first zone is in the range from 650 to 810° C., wherein temperature in the second zone is in the range from 750 to 830° C., and wherein temperature in the third zone is in the range from 780 to 910° C. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the first zone is 40 ms or less, wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the second zone is 150 ms or less, and wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the third zone is 500 ms or less. 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the first catalyst comprises Pt substantially without Re, the second catalyst comprises Pt, and the third catalyst comprises Pt and Re. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the third zone is 99% or greater, and the CO conversion is 99% or greater. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the first solid catalyst comprises Pt, the second solid catalyst comprises Pt and the third solid catalyst comprises Pt. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the third solid catalyst further comprises Re. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the second solid catalyst comprises at least 30 wt % Pt. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein there is a contiguous bulk flow path through the first, second and third zones. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an alcohol. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein each of the first, second and third zones comprises a microchannel; and wherein the contiguous bulk flow path is present in the microchannel in each of the first, second and third zones. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an alkane; wherein the first solid catalyst comprises Pt, the second solid catalyst comprises Pt and the third solid catalyst comprises Pt. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the first zone is less than 140 msec; contact time of hydrocarbon in the second zone is at least 1.5 times as long as the contact time in the first zone and 200 msec or less; and contact time of hydrocarbon in the third zone is at least 3 times as long as the contact time in the first zone. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein: the first zone has a first average temperature; the second zone has a second average temperature; and the third zone has a third average temperature; and further wherein the third average temperature is greater than the second average temperature which is greater than the first average temperature. 17. A method of reacting a fuel composition, comprising: in a reactor with three zones positioned such that a gas can travel from a first zone to a second zone and then to a third zone; passing a first gas composition comprising hydrocarbon, and O2; reacting the first gas composition in the first zone, at a first average temperature, over a first solid catalyst in the first zone to form a first product gas comprising H2O and CO; wherein oxygen conversion in the first zone is greater than 90%; passing the first product gas into the second zone; reacting a second gas composition in the second zone, at a second average temperature, over a second solid catalyst in the second zone to form a second product gas comprising H2O and CO; wherein the second gas composition comprises hydrocarbon, CO, and O2; wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the second zone is 50% or greater, the CO conversion is 30% or less, wherein oxygen selectivity for oxidation of hydrocarbon is 40% or greater; passing the second product gas into the third zone; reacting a third gas composition in the third zone, at a third average temperature, over a third solid catalyst in the third zone to form a third product gas comprising H2O and CO2; wherein the third gas composition comprises hydrocarbon, CO, and O2; wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the third zone is 95% or greater, the CO conversion is 95% or greater; and wherein the first average temperature is less than the second average temperature which is less than the third average temperature. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein: the first gas composition comprises 60-90 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 35-60 parts CO, 100-160 parts H2 and 90-140 parts O2; wherein oxygen selectivity for the conversion of H2 to H2O is less than 80% and wherein oxygen selectivity for the conversion of hydrocarbon to CO is the same as or greater than the oxygen selectivity for the conversion of CO to CO2; wherein the second gas composition comprises 10-70 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 40-80 parts CO, 20-100 parts H2 and 30-90 parts O2; and wherein the third gas composition comprises 2-30 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 10-40 parts CO, and 20-70 parts O2. 19. The method of claim 17 further comprising a step of using heat from the reaction of the fuel composition to drive an endothermic reaction. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the hydrocarbon comprises methane and wherein temperature in the first zone is in the range from 650 to 810° C., wherein temperature in the second zone is in the range from 750 to 830° C., and wherein temperature in the third zone is in the range from 780 to 910° C. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein there is a contiguous bulk flow path through the first, second and third zones, and wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the first zone is 40 ms or less, wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the second zone is 150 ms or less, and wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the third zone is 500 ms or less. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein the first catalyst comprises Pt substantially without Re, the second catalyst comprises Pt, and the third catalyst comprises Pt and Re. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the third zone is 99% or greater, the CO conversion is 99% or greater. 24. The method of claim 19 wherein the second solid catalyst comprises at least 30 wt % Pt. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein each of the first, second and third zones comprises a microchannel; and wherein the contiguous bulk flow path is present in the microchannel in each of the first, second and third zones. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the first zone is less than 140 msec; contact time of hydrocarbon in the second zone is at least 1.5 times as long as the contact time in the first zone and 200 msec or less; and contact time of hydrocarbon in the third zone is at least 3 times as long as the contact time in the first zone. 27. A method of reacting a fuel composition, comprising: in a reactor with three zones positioned such that a gas can travel through a contiguous bulk flow path from a first zone to a second zone and then to a third zone; passing a first gas composition comprising hydrocarbon, and O2 into the first zone; reacting the first gas composition in the first zone over a first solid catalyst in the first zone to form a first product gas comprising H2O and CO; wherein oxygen conversion in the first zone is greater than 90%; passing the first product gas into the second zone; reacting a second gas composition in the second zone over a second solid catalyst in the second zone to form a second product gas comprising H2O and CO; wherein the second gas composition comprises hydrocarbon, CO, and O2; wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the second zone is 50% or greater, the CO conversion is 30% or less, wherein oxygen selectivity for oxidation of hydrocarbon is 40% or greater; passing the second product gas into the third zone; reacting a third gas composition in the third zone over a third solid catalyst in the third zone to form a third product gas comprising H2O and CO2; wherein the third gas composition comprises hydrocarbon, CO, and O2; and wherein the hydrocarbon conversion at the end of the third zone is 95% or greater, the CO conversion is 95% or greater; and further wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the first zone is less than 140 msec; contact time of hydrocarbon in the second zone is at least 1.5 times as long as the contact time in the first zone and 200 msec or less; and contact time of hydrocarbon in the third zone is at least 3 times as long as the contact time in the first zone. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein: the first gas composition comprises 60-90 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 35-60 parts CO, 100-160 parts H2 and 90-140 parts O2; wherein oxygen selectivity, in the first zone, for the conversion of H2 to H2O is less than 80% and wherein oxygen selectivity, in the first zone, for the conversion of hydrocarbon to CO is the same as or greater than the oxygen selectivity for the conversion of CO to CO2; wherein the second gas composition comprises 10-70 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 40-80 parts CO, 20-100 parts H2 and 30-90 parts O2; and wherein the third gas composition comprises 2-30 parts (by mole) hydrocarbon, 10-40 parts CO, and 20-70 parts O2. 29. The method of claim 27 further comprising a step of using heat from the reaction of the fuel composition to drive an endothermic reaction. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein: the first zone has a first average temperature; the second zone has a second average temperature; and the third zone has a third average temperature; and further wherein the third average temperature is greater than the second average temperature which is greater than the first average temperature. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the first zone is 35 ms or less, wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the second zone is 145 ms or less, and wherein contact time of hydrocarbon in the third zone is 455 ms or less. 32. The method of claim 29 wherein the first catalyst comprises Pt substantially without Re, the second catalyst comprises Pt, and the third catalyst comprises Pt and Re. 33. The method of claim 27 wherein each of the first, second and third zones comprises a microchannel; and wherein the contiguous bulk flow path is present in the microchannel in each of the first, second and third zones. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein: the first zone has a first average temperature; the second zone has a second average temperature; and the third zone has a third average temperature; and further wherein the third average temperature is greater than the second average temperature which is greater than the first average temperature.