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The invention provides composite porous membranes comprising a porous hydrophobic substrate coated with difunctional surface-modifying molecules. The difunctional surface-modifying molecules provide a hydrophilic surface without forming branches of interconnected polymer molecules in the pores. The

The invention provides composite porous membranes comprising a porous hydrophobic substrate coated with difunctional surface-modifying molecules. The difunctional surface-modifying molecules provide a hydrophilic surface without forming branches of interconnected polymer molecules in the pores. The invention also provides a method for making composite porous membranes, such as a composite hydrophilic membrane with reduced concentration of surface modifying molecules required to coat a hydrophobic substrate.

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What is claimed is: 1. A composite porous membrane comprising: a hydrophobic substrate having an average pore size ranging from about 0.01 μm to about 10 μm coated with difunctional surface-modifying molecules; each difunctional surface-modifying molecule comprising a hydrophobic portion

What is claimed is: 1. A composite porous membrane comprising: a hydrophobic substrate having an average pore size ranging from about 0.01 μm to about 10 μm coated with difunctional surface-modifying molecules; each difunctional surface-modifying molecule comprising a hydrophobic portion preferentially associated with the substrate and a hydrophilic portion and having an active group containing a carbon-carbon double bond; the difunctional surface-modifying molecules consisting of a difunctional acrylate monomer; wherein the difunctional acrylate monomer comprises greater than about 90% of the molecules associated with the membrane; wherein the substrate is coated by flowing a reagent solution through the substrate to coat the substrate surface and inner surfaces of the pores, the reagent solution consisting of the difunctional surface-modifying molecules, a solvent, and a photoinitiator, wherein the reagent is capable of flowing through the substrate; and wherein the surface-modifying molecules are crosslinked to form a crosslinked hydrophilic polymeric network at the substrate surface and inner surfaces of the pores of the membrane, and wherein the pore size of the coated membrane is substantially the same as the pore size of the porous membrane before coating. 2. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic portion of the surface-modifying molecules comprises at least two crosslinking active groups. 3. The membrane according to claim 2, wherein the crosslinking active group comprises a carbon-carbon double bond. 4. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein 100% of molecules associated with the substrate comprise difunctional surface-modifying molecules. 5. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic portion is a hydrophobic alkyl, aromatic group, or olefinic hydrocarbon group. 6. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic portion comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon molecule. 7. The membrane according to claim 6, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon comprises a bisphenol A group. 8. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic portion does not form covalent bonds with the surface. 9. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic portion is positively charged. 10. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic portion is negatively charged. 11. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic portion comprises a neutral charge. 12. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic portion comprises the general formula [--Xn1--Y--CR═CH2]n2 where X is independently selected from the group consisting of (--CH2-CH2-O--); (--CH2-O--); (--CH2-CH(COOH)--); (--CH2-CH(OH)--); Y is selected from the group consisting of ([--CH2-]n3); (--COO); n1 is from about 1-50; n2 is from about 1-2; and n3 can be from about 1 to about 50. 13. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the difunctional surface modifying molecules are polymerized on the substrate surface after being preferentially adsorbed with the substrate surface. 14. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the difunctional surface molecules comprise ethoxylated (30) bisphenol A diacrylates. 15. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the difunctional-surface molecules are polymerized using a photoinitiator, and wherein the photoinitiator is preferentially adsorbed by the substrate surface. 16. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the difunctional-surface molecules are polymerized using a photoinitiator that comprises a substantially hydrophobic molecule. 17. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the difunctional-surface molecules are polymerized using a photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone; 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl1)-butanone-1; 50% 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone and 50% benzophenone; 25% bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl pentylphosphineoxide and 75% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one; 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one; bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide; 80% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one and 20% 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone; 25% bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-pentylphosphineoxide and 75% 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone; 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one; benzophenone; 50% 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl-phosphineoxide and 50% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one; bis(□5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)-bis(2,6-dicluoro-3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-phenyl)titanium; 2-methyl-1[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one; 30% 2-benxyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-butanone-1 and 70% 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one; and 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propane-1-one. 18. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic substrate comprises polyvinylidene fluoride. 19. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the membrane is wettable within less than about 30 seconds after drying upon contacting with an aqueous solution. 20. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the membrane is autoclavable. 21. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic portion is capable of significant association with the substrate. 22. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the coating is provided on the hydrophobic substrate by exposure to a reagent solution comprising less than 1% difunctional surface-modifying molecule. 23. The membrane according to claim 22, wherein the reagent solution comprises less than about 0.5% difunctional surface-modifying molecule. 24. The membrane according to claim 22, wherein the reagent solution comprises less than about 0.25% difunctional surface-modifying molecule. 25. The membrane according to claim 1, wherein the flow rate through the pores of the coated membrane is substantially the same as the flow rate through the pores of the non-coated membrane. 26. The membrane according to claim 25, wherein the flow rate through the pores of the coated membrane is at least about 93% of the flow rate through the pores of the non-coated membrane. 27. The membrane according to claim 25, wherein the flow rate through the pores of the coated membrane is at least about 96% of the flow rate through the pores of the non-coated membrane. 28. The membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobic substrate has an average pore size of about 0.2 μm. 29. The membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrophobic substrate has an average pore size of about 0.45 μm.