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A sensor for detecting a liquid level, including a measurement capacitor, a reference capacitor, an integrating capacitor, a calibration capacitor, a controller, an amplifier, a comparator, and a complementary calibration capacitor. The controller implements operations, over accumulation periods and

A sensor for detecting a liquid level, including a measurement capacitor, a reference capacitor, an integrating capacitor, a calibration capacitor, a controller, an amplifier, a comparator, and a complementary calibration capacitor. The controller implements operations, over accumulation periods and for given target and discharge capacitors, of a target capacitor charging, a charge transfer, a decision, a conditional discharge, and a return. The target and discharge capacitors given at each period are taken from pairs of capacitors, including the measurement and calibration capacitors and the reference and complementary calibration capacitors. A method estimates the liquid level using the sensor in a vehicle.

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The invention claimed is: 1. A capacitive sensor for detecting a level of a liquid in a tank, comprising: a measurement capacitor configured to be placed in the tank; a reference capacitor configured to be placed in a bottom part of the tank; a calibration capacitor, having a capacitance higher tha

The invention claimed is: 1. A capacitive sensor for detecting a level of a liquid in a tank, comprising: a measurement capacitor configured to be placed in the tank; a reference capacitor configured to be placed in a bottom part of the tank; a calibration capacitor, having a capacitance higher than that of the measurement capacitor; a controller for delivering an estimation signal corresponding to the level of the liquid, the estimation signal being based on capacitance values of the measurement capacitor, the reference capacitor, and the calibration capacitor; an operational amplifier with an inverting input; an integrating capacitor connected between the inverting input of the amplifier and an output of the operational amplifier; a comparator configured to compare an output voltage of the amplifier with a threshold voltage and to deliver a comparison signal to the controller; and a complementary calibration capacitor having a capacitance higher than that of the reference capacitor and different from that of the calibration capacitor; wherein the controller is configured to implement, over successive accumulation periods and for a target capacitor and a discharge capacitor that are given for each period: charging the target capacitor by applying a given voltage to its terminals; transferring charge from the target capacitor to the integrating capacitor; deciding to skip a next discharging if the comparison signal is negative; discharging some of the charge of the integrating capacitor into the discharge capacitor and then completely discharging the discharge capacitor; and returning to the charging; and wherein the target and discharge capacitors given at each period are taken respectively from a group of pairs of capacitors, including: the measurement capacitor and the calibration capacitor; and the reference capacitor and the complementary calibration capacitor. 2. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the complementary calibration capacitor has a capacitance lower than that of the calibration capacitor. 3. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the controller selects the calibration capacitor, automatically, from among the various capacitors, prior to an accumulation period associated with the measurement capacitor according to an initial measurement of dielectric constant of the liquid made on the reference capacitor. 4. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the controller is in an electronic circuit placed inside the tank. 5. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a first compensating capacitor, characteristics of which vary with temperature substantially in a same way as materials of support for the measurement capacitor and reference capacitors; and wherein a group of pairs of capacitors further includes the first compensating capacitor and an associated first discharge capacitor. 6. The sensor according to claim 5, wherein the associated first discharge capacitor is the complementary calibration capacitor. 7. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a second compensating capacitor, characteristics of which vary with temperature substantially in a same manner as materials of protective layers of the measurement capacitor and reference capacitors, respectively; and wherein a group of pairs of capacitors further includes the second compensating capacitor and an associated second discharge capacitor. 8. The sensor according to claim 7, wherein the associated second discharge capacitor is the complementary calibration capacitor. 9. A use of a sensor according to claim 1 in a tank. 10. A method of estimating a level of a liquid in a tank by a capacitive measurement that, over successive accumulation periods and for a target capacitor and a discharge capacitor, the method comprising: charging the target capacitor by applying a given voltage to its terminals; transferring the charge from the target capacitor to an integrating capacitor, connected between an inverting input of an operational amplifier and an output of the operational amplifier; deciding to skip a next discharging if a comparison signal is negative, the comparison signal being delivered by a comparator configured to compare an output voltage of the amplifier with a threshold voltage; discharging some of the charge of the integrating capacitor into the discharge capacitor and then completely discharging the discharge capacitor; returning to the charging; the target and discharge capacitors at each operation being taken respectively from a group of pairs of capacitors, including: a measurement capacitor configured to be placed in the tank, and a calibration capacitor having a capacitance higher than that of the measurement capacitor; and a reference capacitor configured to be placed in a bottom part of the tank, and a complementary calibration capacitor having a capacitance higher than that of the reference capacitor and different from that of the calibration capacitor; and estimating the level of the liquid in the tank with a controller based on capacitance values of the measurement capacitor, the reference capacitor, and the calibration capacitor. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising delivering a warning signal when an atypical level is estimated.