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A process for continuous heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated in a reactor which is manufactured from a composite material which consists, on its side in contact with the reaction chamber, of a steel B with specific elemental composition

A process for continuous heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated in a reactor which is manufactured from a composite material which consists, on its side in contact with the reaction chamber, of a steel B with specific elemental composition which, on its side facing away from the reaction chamber, either directly or via an intermediate layer of copper, or of nickel, or of copper and nickel, is plated onto a steel A with specific elemental composition, and also partial oxidations of the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon and the reactor itself.

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The invention claimed is: 1. A process for continuous heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated in the gas phase, comprising a procedure in which a reaction chamber which is enclosed by a shell which is in contact with the reaction chamber an

The invention claimed is: 1. A process for continuous heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated in the gas phase, comprising a procedure in which a reaction chamber which is enclosed by a shell which is in contact with the reaction chamber and has at least one first orifice for feeding at least one starting gas stream into the reaction chamber and at least one second orifice for withdrawing at least one product gas stream from the reaction chamber, at least one starting gas stream comprising at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is fed continuously, in the reaction chamber, the at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is conducted through at least one catalyst bed disposed in the reaction chamber and, with generation of a product gas comprising the at least one dehydrogenated hydrocarbon, unconverted hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated and molecular hydrogen and/or steam, is dehydrogenated partially in an oxidative or nonoxidative manner to at least one dehydrogenated hydrocarbon, and at least one product gas stream is withdrawn continuously from the reaction chamber, wherein the shell is manufactured from a composite material which, on its side B in contact with the reaction chamber, consists of steel B of the following elemental composition: from 18 to 30% by weight of Cr, from 9 to 37% by weight of Ni, from 1 to 4% by weight of Si, from ≧0 to 4% by weight of Al, from ≧0 to 0.3% by weight of N, from ≧0 to 0.15% by weight of C, from ≧0 to 4% by weight of Mn, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of P, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of S, and from ≧0 to 0.1% by weight of one or more rare earth metals, and apart from these, Fe and impurities resulting from production, the percentages each being based on the total weight, with the proviso that the steel B, on its side A facing away from the reaction chamber, is plated either directly or via an intermediate layer of copper, or of nickel, or of copper and nickel, onto steel A of the elemental composition from 15 to 20% by weight of Cr, from 6 to 18% by weight of Ni, from ≧0 to 0.8% by weight of Si, from ≧0 to 0.8% by weight of Al, from ≧0 to 0.3% by weight of N, from ≧0 to 0.15% by weight of C, from ≧0 to 4% by weight of Mo, from ≧0 to 2% by weight of Mn, from ≧0 to 0.8% by weight of Ti, from ≧0 to 1.2% by weight of Nb, from ≧0 to 0.9% by weight of V, from ≧0 to 0.1% by weight of B, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of P, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of S, and apart from these, Fe and impurities resulting from production, the percentages each being based on the total weight, or of the elemental composition from 19 to 23% by weight of Cr, from 30 to 35% by weight of Ni, from ≧0 to 1% by weight of Co, from ≧0 to 1% by weight of Si, from 0.15 to 0.7% by weight of Al, from ≧0 to 0.12% by weight of C, from ≧0 to 2.0% by weight of Mn, from ≧0 to 0.75% by weight of Cu, from 0.15 to 0.7% by weight of Ti, from ≧0 to ≦0.1% by weight of Nb, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of P, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of S, and apart from these, Fe and impurities resulting from production, the percentages each being based on the total weight. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel A and steel B of the composite material at 500° C. and 1 atm differ by ≦2˜10−6 m/m·K. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel A and steel B of the composite material at 500° C. and 1 atm differ by ≦1.75˜10−6 m/m·K. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel A and steel B of the composite material at 500° C. and 1 atm differ by ≦1.50˜10−6 m/m·K. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel A and steel B of the composite material at 500° C. and 1 atm differ by ≦1.25˜10−6 m/m·K. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel A and steel B of the composite material at 500° C. and 1 atm differ by ≦1.0·10−6 m/m˜K. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel B of the composite material is from 0.2 to 25 mm. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel B of the composite material is from 1 to 10 mm. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel B of the composite material is from 2 to 8 mm. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel A of the composite material is from 10 to 150 mm. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel A of the composite material is from 20 to 100 mm. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel A of the composite material is from 60 to 100 mm. 13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of steel A of the composite material is from 20 to 50 mm. 14. The process according to claim 1, wherein steel B of the composite material is plated directly onto steel A. 15. The process according to claim 1, wherein steel B of the composite material is plated onto steel A via an intermediate layer of copper, or of nickel, or of copper and nickel, and the thickness of the intermediate layer is ≧0.1 mm and ≦3 mm. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the thickness of the intermediate layer is ≧0.2 mm and ≦2 mm. 17. The process according to claim 15, wherein the thickness of the intermediate layer is ≧0.3 mm and ≦1 mm. 18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the content of Si in steel A of the composite material is ≦0.6% by weight. 19. The process according to claim 1, wherein the content of Si in steel A of the composite material is ≦0.4% by weight. 20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the content of Si in steel A of the composite material is ≦0.1% by weight. 21. The process according to claim 1, wherein steel B of the composite material has the elemental composition from 24 to 26% by weight of Cr, from 19 to 22% by weight of Ni, from 1.5 to 2.5% by weight of Si, from ≧0 to 0.11% by weight of N, from ≧0 to 0.2% by weight of C, from ≧0 to 2% by weight of Mn, from ≧0 to 0.045% by weight of P, from ≧0 to 0.015% by weight of S, and apart from these, Fe and impurities resulting from production, the percentages each being based on the total weight. 22. The process according to claim 1, wherein steel A of the composite material has the elemental composition from 16 to 18% by weight of Cr, from 12 to 14% by weight of Ni, from ≧0 to 0.8% by weight of Si, from 0.10 to 0.18% by weight of N, from ≧0 to 0.1% by weight of C, from ≧ 2 to 3% by weight of Mo, from ≧0 to 2% by weight of Mn, from 0.0015 to 0.0050% by weight of B, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of P, from ≧0 to 0.05% by weight of S, and apart from these, Fe and impurities resulting from production, the percentages each being based on the total weight. 23. The process according to claim 1, wherein the plating-on is effected by explosive plating. 24. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is a C2- to C16-alkane. 25. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is at least one hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, n-tetradecane, n-pentadecane and n-hexadecane. 26. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is ethane, propane, n-butane and/or isobutane. 27. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is propane and the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon is propylene. 28. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starting gas stream comprises steam. 29. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starting gas stream comprises molecular oxygen. 30. The process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst bed is a fixed catalyst bed. 31. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation is a nonoxidative dehydrogenation. 32. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation is an oxidative dehydrogenation. 33. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation is a heterogeneously catalyzed oxydehydrogenation. 34. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation is an adiabatic conventional heterogeneously catalyzed dehydrogenation. 35. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation is a conventional heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation and the reaction chamber is a tray reaction chamber. 36. The process according to claim 35, wherein the conventional heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation is an oxidative conventional heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation. 37. The process according to claim 36, which is performed in an adiabatic reaction chamber. 38. The process according to claim 1, wherein the starting gas stream fed to the reaction chamber comprises: from ≧0 to 20% by volume of propylene, from ≧0 to 1% by volume of acrolein, from ≧0 to 0.25% by volume of acrylic acid, from ≧0 to 20% by volume of CON, from 5 to 50% by volume of propane, from 20 to 80% by volume of nitrogen, from ≧0 to 5% by volume of oxygen, from ≧0 to 20% by volume of H2O and from ≧0 to 10% by volume of H2. 39. The process according to claim 1, wherein the product gas stream withdrawn from the reaction chamber is used as such or after removal of at least a portion of its constituents other than the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon and the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated to charge at least one oxidation reactor, and the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon present therein is subjected in this oxidation reactor to a selective heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation with molecular oxygen to give a product gas mixture B comprising the partial oxidation product. 40. The process according to claim 39, wherein the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is propane, the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon is propylene and the partial oxidation product is acrolein, acrylic acid or a mixture thereof. 41. The process according to claim 39, wherein, in a separation zone B of the selective heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation, partial oxidation product is subsequently removed from the product gas mixture B and, from the remaining residual gas comprising unconverted hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated, molecular oxygen and any unconverted dehydrogenated hydrocarbon, at least a portion comprising unconverted hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated is recycled as partial oxidation cycle gas into the process for heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated. 42. The process according to claim 41, wherein the partial oxidation product, in separation zone B, is removed from product gas mixture B by conversion to the condensed phase. 43. The process according to claim 42, wherein the partial oxidation product is acrylic acid and the conversion to the condensed phase is effected by absorptive and/or condensative measures. 44. The process according to claim 43, wherein a removal of acrylic acid from the condensed phase is carried out with at least one thermal separation process. 45. The process according to claim 44, wherein the at least one thermal separation process comprises a crystallizative removal of acrylic acid from the liquid phase. 46. The process according to claim 45, wherein the crystallizative removal is a suspension crystallization. 47. The process according to claim 44, wherein the removal of acrylic acid is followed by a process for free-radical polymerization in which acrylic acid removed is free-radically polymerized to prepare polymers. 48. The process according to claim 44, wherein the removal of acrylic acid is followed by a process for preparing acrylic esters in which acrylic acid removed is esterified with an alcohol. 49. The process according to claim 48, wherein the process for preparing an acrylic ester is followed by a process for free-radical polymerization in which acrylic ester thus prepared is polymerized. 50. The process according to claim 1, wherein the steel B has been alonized, alitized and/or aluminized on its side in contact with the reaction chamber. 51. The process according to claim 1, wherein steel A and steel B of the composite material are austenitic steels.