최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
NTIS 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
DataON 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Edison 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0771623 (2007-06-29) |
등록번호 | US-8120855 (2012-02-21) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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대리인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 6 인용 특허 : 72 |
A film material utilizing a regular two-dimensional array of non-cylindrical lenses to enlarge micro-images, called icons, to form a synthetically magnified image through the united performance of a multiplicity of individual lens/icon image systems. The synthetic magnification micro-optic system in
A film material utilizing a regular two-dimensional array of non-cylindrical lenses to enlarge micro-images, called icons, to form a synthetically magnified image through the united performance of a multiplicity of individual lens/icon image systems. The synthetic magnification micro-optic system includes one or more optical spacers (5), a micro-image formed of a periodic planar array of a plurality of image icons (4) having an axis of symmetry about at least one of its planar axes and positioned on or next to the optical spacer (5), and a periodic planar array of image icon focusing elements (1) having an axis of symmetry about at least one of its planar axes, the axis of symmetry being the same planar axis as that of the micro-image planar array (4). A number of distinctive visual effects, such as three-dimensional and motion effects, can be provided by the present system.
1. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array o
1. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both. 2. The security device of claim 1, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements: i. shows movement as the security device is tilted or viewed from different viewing angles;ii. appears to lie on a spatial plane deeper than the thickness of the security device;iii. appears to lie on a spatial plane above a surface of the security device;iv. oscillates between a spatial plane deeper than the thickness of the security device and a spatial plane above a surface of the security device as the device is azimuthally rotated;v. transforms from one form, shape, size and/or color into a different form, shape, size and/or color as the security device is either azimuthally rotated or viewed from different viewpoints;vi. appears as a three-dimensional image(s); and/or vii. upon illumination of the security device, appears to have a shadow that lies in a spatial plane of the security device. 3. The security device of claim 1, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements shows movement or a motion effect. 4. The security device of claim 1, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements appears to lie on a spatial plane above the thickness of the security device. 5. The security device of claim 1, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements oscillates between a spatial plane deeper than the thickness of the security device and a spatial plane above a surface of the security device as the device is azimuthally rotated. 6. The security device of claim 1, wherein spatially varying information is incorporated within the array of image icons, whereby the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements transforms from one form, shape, size and/or color into a different form, shape, size and/or color as the security device is either azimuthally rotated or viewed from different viewpoints. 7. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icon focusing elements include focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns. 8. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icon focusing elements include focusing elements having a focal length of less than about 40 microns. 9. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icon focusing elements include focusing elements having an F number of less than or equal to 4. 10. The security device of claim 9, wherein the image icon focusing elements include focusing elements having an F number of less than or equal to 2. 11. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icon focusing elements include non-cylindrical focusing elements. 12. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icon focusing elements have base geometries in the plane of their planar array selected from the group of circular base, substantially circular base, hexagonal base, substantially hexagonal base, square base, substantially square base, triangular base, and substantially triangular base. 13. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icon focusing elements are selected from the group of refractive, diffractive, reflective, hybrid refractive/diffractive and hybrid refractive/reflective focusing elements, and non-refractive focusing reflectors. 14. The security device of claim 1, wherein interstitial space between image icon focusing elements is less than or equal to 5 microns. 15. The security device of claim 14, wherein the image icon focusing elements are formed from a material with a refractive index, wherein the interstitial space between the image icon focusing elements is filled with a material having a different refractive index that is selected from the group of pigmented resins, inks, dyes, metals, magnetic materials, and combinations thereof. 16. The security device of claim 1, wherein the image icons are selected from the group of positive image icons and negative image icons. 17. The security device of claim 1, which further comprises one or more detectable materials selected from the group of pigments, dyes, metal particles, magnetic particles, nuclear magnetic resonance signature materials, lasing particles, organic LED materials, optically variable materials, evaporated metal, thin film interference materials, liquid crystal polymers, optical upconversion and downconversion materials, dichroic materials, optically active materials and optically polarizing materials. 18. The security device of claim 1, wherein the security device constitutes a security patch suitable for use on a security document. 19. The security device of claim 1, wherein the security device constitutes a security thread suitable for use on or at least partially within a security document. 20. The security thread of claim 19, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements of the security thread shows movement as the security thread is tilted or as the angle of view is changed. 21. The security thread of claim 20, wherein the image icon focusing elements are selected from the group of polygonal base multi-zonal lenses, lenses providing an enlarged field of view over the width of an associated image icon so that the peripheral edges of the associated image icon do not drop out of view, aspheric lenses having an effective diameter of less than 50 microns, and combinations thereof, wherein the image icons are negative image icons formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in a surface of a substrate, the shaped voids or recesses being filled with a material having a refractive index that is different from the refractive index of the substrate in which the shaped voids or recesses are formed. 22. The security device of claim 1, further comprising at least one element selected from the group of: back coatings; top coatings; optical spacers; adhesives applied to at least one side thereof; additional indicia; magnetic coatings and particles for detection; magnetic coatings and particles for information storage;planchettes; macro-molecule taggants; dichroic fibers; radioisotopes; print receptive coatings, sizings, and primers; chemically reactive materials; micro-encapsulated ingredients; field affected materials; conductive particles and coatings; micro-perforated holes; colored threads and fibers; fluorescent dichroic threads and particles; raman scattering coatings and particles; color shifting coatings and particles; holographic, diffractive, diffractive kinegram, isogram, photographic or refractive optical elements;liquid crystal materials; and up conversion and down conversion materials. 23. The security device of claim 1, wherein the device is incorporated into a thread, patch, label, over wrap, hot stamp foil or tear strip. 24. The security device of claim 1, wherein, each planar array is arranged in a pattern and has at least one line or axis the pattern can be reflected around without changing the geometry of the pattern. 25. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein, the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements shows movement or a motion effect, andwherein, the image icon focusing elements form a plurality of synthetically magnified images, at least two exhibiting different motion effects. 26. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein, the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements appears to lie on a spatial plane deeper than the thickness of the security device. 27. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein, scale distortions are present in either or both the array of image icons and the array of image icon focusing elements, whereby the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements transforms from one form, shape, size and/or color into a different form, shape, size and/or color as the security device is either azimuthally rotated or viewed from different viewpoints. 28. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein, the image icons of the icon array are formed in zones correlated with focusing elements, wherein the image icon(s) in each zone is formed as a different scale-distorted view of an object, whereby the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements appears as a three-dimensional image(s). 29. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein, the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements shows movement or a motion effect, and wherein, the security device demonstrates reduced vertical binocular disparity. 30. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein, the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements shows movement or a motion effect,wherein, the security device demonstrates reduced vertical binocular disparity, andwherein, the image icon focusing elements include focusing elements having an F number of less than 1. 31. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a planar array of image icons; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed substantially parallel to and spaced less than 50 microns from the planar array of image icons,wherein, the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, wherein the image icon focusing elements provide an enlarged field of view over the width of the image icons correlated with the focusing elements so that the peripheral edges of the correlated image icons do not drop out of view. 32. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a planar array of image icons; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed substantially parallel to and spaced less than 50 microns from the planar array of image icons,wherein, the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, wherein the image icon focusing elements provide vertical blurring of a central focal zone of the focusing elements. 33. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein, the image icon focusing elements are refractive focusing elements selected from the group of polygonal base multi-zonal lenses, lenses providing an enlarged field of view over the width of an associated image icon so that the peripheral edges of the associated image icon do not drop out of view, aspheric lenses having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, and combinations thereof. 34. The security device of claim 33, wherein the refractive focusing elements include aspheric lenses. 35. The security device of claim 34, wherein each aspheric lens has an effective base diameter ranging from about 15 to about 35 microns. 36. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a planar array of image icons; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed substantially parallel to and spaced less than 50 microns from the planar array of image icons,wherein, the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, wherein the image icon focusing elements are refractive focusing elements comprising hexagonal base multi-zonal lenses. 37. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a planar array of image icons; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed substantially parallel to and spaced less than 50 microns from the planar array of image icons, wherein, the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, wherein the image icon focusing elements are refractive focusing elements comprising square base multi-zonal lenses. 38. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein, the image icon focusing elements are formed from a polymeric material comprising one or more fluorescent pigments or dyes. 39. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein the image icons are selected from the group of positive image icons and negative image icons, andwherein the security device further comprises a substrate positioned between the planar arrays of image icons and focusing elements, the substrate having a refractive index, wherein the image icons are positive image icons that are formed as shaped posts on a surface of the substrate. 40. The security device of claim 39, wherein the shaped posts are selected from the group of transparent shaped posts, translucent shaped posts, pigmented shaped posts, fluorescent shaped posts, phosphorescent shaped posts, metallized shaped posts, substantially retroreflective shaped posts, shaped posts displaying optically variable color, and combinations thereof. 41. The security device of claim 39, wherein the shaped posts and the substrate on which the shaped posts are formed are prepared using one or more materials selected from the group of optionally fluorescent pigments and dyes, metal or metallized materials, metal particles, magnetic particles, nuclear magnetic resonance signature materials, lasing particles, organic LED materials, optically variable materials, thin film interference materials, liquid crystal polymers, optical upconversion materials, optical downconversion materials, dichroic materials, optically active materials, optically polarizing materials, and combinations thereof. 42. The security device of claim 41, wherein interstitial space between the shaped posts is filled with a material having optical properties that are different from the optical properties of the material used to prepare the shaped posts and the substrate, the material used to fill the interstitial space being selected from the group of pigmented resins, inks, dyes, metals, magnetic materials, and combinations thereof. 43. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein the image icons are selected from the group of positive image icons and negative image icons, andwherein the security device further comprises a substrate positioned between the planar arrays of image icons and focusing elements, the substrate having a refractive index, wherein the image icons are negative image icons that are formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in a surface of the substrate. 44. The security device of claim 43, wherein the substrate on or in which the shaped voids or recesses are formed is prepared using one or more materials selected from the group of optionally fluorescent pigments and dyes, phosphorescent pigments and dyes, metal or metallized materials, metal particles, magnetic particles, nuclear magnetic resonance signature materials, lasing particles, organic LED materials, x-ray, infrared or ultraviolet absorbent or emitting materials, optically variable materials, thin film interference materials, liquid crystal polymers, optical upconversion materials, optical downconversion materials, dichroic materials, optically active materials, optically polarizing materials, and combinations thereof. 45. The security device of claim 44, wherein the shaped voids or recesses constituting the negative image icons are filled with a material having optical properties that are different from the optical properties of the material used to prepare the substrate in which the shaped voids or recesses are formed. 46. The security device of claim 45, wherein the shaped voids or recesses are filled with a material selected from the group of pigmented resins, inks, dyes, metals, magnetic materials, and combinations thereof. 47. The security device of claim 43, wherein the shaped voids or recesses constituting the negative image icons have a depth ranging from about 0.5 micron to about 8 microns. 48. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein the security device further comprises a sealing or obscuring layer positioned on the planar array of image icons. 49. The security device of claim 48, wherein the sealing or obscuring layer is selected from the group of pigmented sealing or obscuring layers, metal sealing or obscuring layers, and combinations thereof. 50. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein the security device further comprises an adhesive layer positioned on the planar array of image icons. 51. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein, the security device comprises a plurality of planar arrays of image icons located at different depths within the security device, the focusing elements having differing focal lengths for focusing at the different depths of the plurality of planar arrays of image icons. 52. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons that shows movement or a motion effect,wherein, the security device is used on or at least partially within paper or polymer currency. 53. The security device of claim 52, wherein, each planar array is arranged in a pattern and has at least one line or axis the pattern can be reflected around without changing the geometry of the pattern. 54. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons that shows movement or a motion effect, andwherein, the security device demonstrates reduced vertical binocular disparity. 55. A security device, which comprises: a substrate having a lower surface;an array of image icons selected from the group of positive image icons, negative image icons, and combinations of positive image icons and negative image icons, formed on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the array of image icons has a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device is used on or at least partially within paper or polymer currency. 56. A security device, which comprises: a substrate having a lower surface;an array of image icons formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the array of image icons has a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 57. A security thread with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a substrate having a refractive index and a lower surface;an array of image icons formed on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the array of image icons has an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 58. The security thread of claim 57, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements shows movement as the security thread is tilted or viewed from different angles. 59. A security thread with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a substrate having a refractive index and a lower surface;an array of image icons formed on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the array of image icons has an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by the image icon focusing elements shows movement as the security thread is tilted or viewed from different angles, andwherein the security thread demonstrates reduced vertical binocular disparity. 60. A security thread with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a substrate having a refractive index and a lower surface;an array of image icons formed on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the array of image icons has an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, andwherein the image icon focusing elements are selected from the group of (a) polygonal base multi-zonal lenses, (b) lenses providing an enlarged field of view over the width of an associated image icon so that the peripheral edges of the associated image icon do not drop out of view, (c) aspheric lenses having an effective diameter of less than 50 microns, and combinations of (a), (b) and (c), wherein the image icons are negative image icons formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in the lower surface of the substrate, the shaped voids or recesses being filled with a material having a refractive index that is different from the refractive index of the substrate in which the shaped voids or recesses are formed. 61. A security document or label having at least one security device partially embedded therein and/or mounted thereon, wherein the at least one security device comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the at least one security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both. 62. The security document or label of claim 61, wherein, each planar array of the at least one security device is arranged in a pattern and has at least one line or axis the pattern can be reflected around without changing the geometry of the pattern. 63. A security document or label having at least one security device partially embedded therein and/or mounted thereon, wherein the at least one security device comprises: a substrate having a lower surface;an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array, formed on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the image icons are selected from the group of positive image icons, negative image icons, and combinations of positive image icons and negative image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 64. A security document having at least one security device partially embedded therein and/or mounted thereon, wherein the at least one security device comprises: a substrate having a lower surface;an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array, formed on or in the lower surface of the substrate, wherein the image icons are selected from the group of positive image icons, negative image icons, and combinations of positive image icons and negative image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein the image icons are negative image icons formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in the lower surface of the substrate. 65. A method for increasing counterfeit resistance of a security document or label, the method comprising partially embedding therein and/or mounting thereon at least one security device that comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the at least one security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both. 66. A method of producing a security device, which comprises: providing an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array;providing an array of image icon focusing elements; anddisposing the array of image icon focusing elements a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons such that at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both. 67. A method of producing a security device, which comprises: providing an optical spacer having upper and lower surfaces;applying a substantially transparent or clear radiation curable resin to the upper and lower surfaces of the optical spacer;forming an array of image icon focusing elements on the upper surface of the optical spacer and an array of image icons in the form of shaped posts and/or shaped voids or recesses on the lower surface of the optical spacer; andcuring the substantially transparent or clear resin using a source of radiation. 68. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,the security device further comprising additional indicia, the additional indicia selected from the group of indicia formed from positive and negative material, coatings and print, and wherein the additional indicia includes indicia selected from the group of optically transparent indicia, optically translucent indicia, optically opaque indicia, pigmented indicia and dyed indicia. 69. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,the security device further comprising a coating, wherein the coating includes one or more of a metal, a magnetic material, X-ray absorbent material, an infrared absorbent material, an ultraviolet absorbent material, an X-ray emitting material, an infrared emitting material, an ultraviolet emitting material, a fluorescent dye, a fluorescent pigment, an infrared fluorescent dye, an infrared fluorescent particle, an ultraviolet fluorescent dye, an ultraviolet fluorescent particle, a phosphorescent dye or a phosphorescent pigment. 70. A security device, which comprises: a planar array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; anda planar array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the planar array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein the device is selected from the group of devices at least partially embedded in the surface of an article bonded to paper or polymer as a carrier to adhere to paper during manufacture; and laminated to a substrate. 71. The security device of claim 70, wherein the article is currency, a document, or a label. 72. The security device of claim 70, wherein the substrate comprises at least one of paperboard, card board, plastic, ceramic, fabric, or metal. 73. A method for producing a document security device, comprising the steps of: (a) providing an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array;(b) providing an array of image icon focusing elements; and(c) disposing the array of image icon focusing elements a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons such that at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetic image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the document security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both. 74. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both. 75. The security device of claim 74, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image shows movement as the security device is tilted or viewed from different viewing angles. 76. The security device of claim 74, wherein the image icon focusing elements have an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns. 77. The security device of claim 74, wherein the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns and the image icon focusing elements have an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns. 78. The security device of claim 74, wherein the array of image icons includes image icons formed from a printing method selected from the group of ink jet, laserjet, letterpress, flexo, gravure, intaglio, and dye sublimation printing methods. 79. The security device of claim 74, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image is a grayscale or tonal synthetically magnified image. 80. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both,wherein the image icon focusing elements form a plurality of synthetically magnified images, at least two exhibiting different movement or motion effects. 81. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed substantially parallel to and less than 50 microns from the array of image icons, wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, wherein scale distortions are present in either or both the array of image icons and the array of image icon focusing elements. 82. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns, or image icon focusing elements having an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns, or both, andwherein spatially varying information is incorporated within the array of image icons. 83. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed substantially parallel to and less than 50 microns from the array of image icons, wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, wherein the image icons of the icon array are formed in zones correlated with focusing elements, wherein the image icons in each zone are formed as a different scale-distorted view of an object. 84. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons that shows movement or a motion effect,wherein, the security device is used on or at least partially within paper or polymer currency. 85. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device demonstrates reduced vertical binocular disparity. 86. A security document or label having at least one security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns partially embedded therein and/or mounted thereon, wherein the at least one security device comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 87. A security document or label having at least one security device partially embedded therein and/or mounted thereon, wherein the at least one security device comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons that shows movement or a motion effect. 88. The security document or label of claim 87, wherein, each planar array of the at least one security device is arranged in a pattern and has at least one line or axis the pattern can be reflected around without changing the geometry of the pattern. 89. A method for increasing counterfeit resistance of a security document or label, the method comprising partially embedding therein and/or mounting thereon at least one security device having a thickness of less than 50 microns that comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 90. A method of producing a security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: providing an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array;providing an array of image icon focusing elements; anddisposing the array of image icon focusing elements a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons such that at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 91. A method for producing a document security device, comprising the steps of: (a) providing an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array;(b) providing an array of image icon focusing elements; and(c) disposing the array of image icon focusing elements a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons such that at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetic image of at least a portion of the image icons. 92. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: a two-dimensional array of image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 93. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, andwherein, the security device is used on or at least partially within paper or polymer currency. 94. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements, which includes polygonal base multi-zonal focusing elements,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 95. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons;an array of image icon focusing elements; anda substrate positioned between the arrays of image icons and image icon focusing elements, wherein at least a portion of the image icons are formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in a lower surface of the substrate,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 96. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons;an array of image icon focusing elements; anda substrate positioned between the arrays of image icons and image icon focusing elements, wherein at least a portion of the image icons are formed as shaped voids or recesses on or in a lower surface of the substrate,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein the substrate has optical properties, and the shaped voids or recesses are filled with a material having optical properties that are different from the optical properties of the substrate. 97. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons;an array of image icon focusing elements; anda substrate positioned between the arrays of image icons and image icon focusing elements, wherein at least a portion of the image icons are formed as shaped posts on a lower surface of the substrate,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 98. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, a chosen axis of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements with an array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, an axis of the focusing element array that corresponds to the chosen axis of the image icon array,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, a ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array is selected from the group of substantially equal to 1, greater than 1, and less than 1, andwherein, the chosen axis of image icons and the corresponding axis of the array of focusing elements are angularly aligned or misaligned. 99. The security device of claim 98, wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements appears to lie on a spatial plane above the thickness of the security device. 100. The security device of claim 99, wherein the ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array of image icons to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the array of image icon focusing elements, is greater than 1. 101. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, a chosen axis of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements with an array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, an axis of the focusing element array that corresponds to the chosen axis of the image icon array,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein a ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array of image icons to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the array of image icon focusing elements, is substantially equal to 1, and wherein the chosen axis of the image icon array and the corresponding axis of the focusing element array are angularly misaligned. 102. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, a chosen axis of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements with an array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, an axis of the focusing element array that corresponds to the chosen axis of the image icon array,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein a ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array of image icons to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the array of image icon focusing elements, is substantially equal to 1, wherein the chosen axis of the image icon array and the corresponding axis of the focusing element array are angularly misaligned, andwherein when the security device is tilted about an axis, the at least one synthetically magnified image appears to have an orthoparallactic motion effect. 103. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, a chosen axis of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements with an array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, an axis of the focusing element array that corresponds to the chosen axis of the image icon array,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, a ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array is selected from the group of substantially equal to 1, greater than 1, and less than 1,wherein, the chosen axis of image icons and the corresponding axis of the array of focusing elements are angularly aligned or misaligned,wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements appears to lie on a spatial plane deeper than the thickness of the security device. 104. The security device of claim 103, wherein the ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array of image icons to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the array of image icon focusing elements, is less than 1. 105. A security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, a chosen axis of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements with an array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array, the array spacing measured on, or in the direction of, an axis of the focusing element array that corresponds to the chosen axis of the image icon array,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 50 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, a ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the focusing element array is selected from the group of substantially equal to 1, greater than 1, and less than 1,wherein, the chosen axis of image icons and the corresponding axis of the array of focusing elements are angularly aligned or misaligned,wherein the at least one synthetically magnified image formed by at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements oscillates between a spatial plane deeper than the thickness of the security device and a spatial plane above a surface of the security device as the device is azimuthally rotated. 106. The security device of claim 105, wherein the ratio of (a) the array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the array of image icons to (b) the array spacing between focusing elements within at least a portion of the array of image icon focusing elements, is less than 1 along one axis and greater than 1 along another axis. 107. A security device with a thickness of less than 45 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of less than 45 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 108. A security device with a thickness ranging from about 10 to about 40 microns, which comprises: an array of image icons; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance of from about 10 to about 40 microns from the array of image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 109. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons, which includes microstructured icon elements having a physical relief formed as shaped voids or recesses, or as shaped posts, or both; andan array of image icon focusing elements,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 110. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed in relation to the array of image icons such that at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns. 111. A security document or label having at least one security device with a thickness of less than 50 microns partially embedded therein and/or mounted thereon, wherein the at least one security device comprises: an array of image icons with an array spacing between image icons within at least a portion of the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed in relation to the array of image icons such that at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 112. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed in relation to the array of image icons such than at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements form at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements have an effective base diameter of less than 50 microns. 113. A security device, which comprises: an array of image icons with a substantially regular array spacing between a substantial number of image icons within the image icon array; andan array of image icon focusing elements disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the image icon focusing elements forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons,wherein, the security device has a thickness of less than 50 microns. 114. A security device, which comprises: (a) an array of image icons, wherein at least a portion of the array of image icons is arranged in a pattern, the array having at least one axis the pattern can be reflected around, rotated around, or both, without changing the geometry of the pattern; and(b) an array of image icon focusing elements, wherein at least a portion of the array of image icon focusing elements is arranged in a pattern, the array having at least one axis the pattern can be reflected around, rotated around, or both, without changing the geometry of the pattern,wherein, the array of image icon focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons and forms at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons, andwherein, the security device is used on or at least partially within paper or polymer currency. 115. A security device, which comprises: (a) an array of image icons; and(b) an array of focusing reflectors, the array of focusing reflectors being disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons and forming at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 116. The security device of claim 115, wherein the array of focusing reflectors includes metallized focusing reflectors. 117. A security device, which comprises: (a) an array of focusing elements;(b) an array of image icons located directly beneath the array of focusing elements; and(c) a reflective layer located a distance from the array of focusing elements and the array of the image icons,wherein, light scattered from the array of image icons reflects from the reflective layer, passes through the array of image icons and into the array of focusing elements, which project at least one synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 118. The security device of claim 117, wherein the reflective layer is a metallized reflective layer. 119. A security device comprising: (a) an array of image icons;(b) an array of image icon focusing elements; and(c) a substrate positioned between the arrays of image icons and focusing elements,wherein, at least a portion of the image icons are formed as bas-relief surfaces on or in a surface of the substrate,wherein, the bas-relief surfaces are filled with a pigmented or dyed material, andwherein, the array of focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the focusing elements forming at least one grayscale or tonal synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 120. The security device of claim 119, wherein, the security device is protected by a sealing layer, the sealing layer being applied to a side of the array of image icons opposite the array of focusing elements, the sealing layer having at least a portion that is transparent, tinted, colored, dyed, pigmented, or opaque. 121. A security device comprising: (a) an array of image icons;(b) an array of image icon focusing elements; and(c) a substrate positioned between the arrays of image icons and focusing elements,wherein, at least a portion of the image icons are formed as bas-relief surfaces on or in a surface of the substrate,wherein, the bas-relief surfaces are coated with a high refractive index material, andwherein, the array of focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the focusing elements forming at least one grayscale or tonal synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 122. The security device of claim 121, wherein, the security device is protected by a sealing layer, the sealing layer being applied to a side of the array of image icons opposite the array of focusing elements, the sealing layer filling the bas-relief surfaces and having at least a portion that is transparent, tinted, colored, dyed, pigmented, or opaque. 123. A security device comprising: (a) an array of image icons;(b) an array of image icon focusing elements; and(c) a substrate positioned between the arrays of image icons and focusing elements,wherein, at least a portion of the image icons are formed as bas-relief surfaces on or in a surface of the substrate,wherein, the array of focusing elements is disposed a substantially uniform distance from the array of image icons, at least a portion of the focusing elements forming at least one grayscale or tonal synthetically magnified image of at least a portion of the image icons. 124. The security device of claim 123, wherein air, gas, or liquid is contained within the bas-relief surfaces, wherein the security device is protected by a sealing layer, the sealing layer being applied to a side of the array of image icons opposite the array of focusing elements, entrapping the air, gas, or liquid within the bas-relief surfaces, the sealing layer having at least a portion that is transparent, tinted, colored, dyed, pigmented, or opaque.
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