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A reverse-flow nozzle generates a cavitating and/or pulsed jet of pressurized liquid. The nozzle includes a body having an inlet for receiving a stream of liquid and a main channel through the body extending from the inlet to an outlet. A flow-reversing channel in the nozzle diverts a portion of the

A reverse-flow nozzle generates a cavitating and/or pulsed jet of pressurized liquid. The nozzle includes a body having an inlet for receiving a stream of liquid and a main channel through the body extending from the inlet to an outlet. A flow-reversing channel in the nozzle diverts a portion of the liquid from the main channel to a point downstream of a mixing chamber. The channel returns the diverted liquid back into the mixing chamber as a reverse-flow jet relative to a main stream of liquid flowing toward the outlet. This reverse-flow jet interacts with the main stream to generate the cavitating jet that discharges from the outlet. By angling the reverse-flow jet relative to the main stream, a naturally pulsed jet may be generated.

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1. A nozzle for generating a cavitating jet of pressurized liquid, the nozzle having a body comprising: a main channel extending through the body, the main channel having a main inlet for receiving the pressurized liquid and a main outlet for discharging the pressurized liquid from the nozzle, the m

1. A nozzle for generating a cavitating jet of pressurized liquid, the nozzle having a body comprising: a main channel extending through the body, the main channel having a main inlet for receiving the pressurized liquid and a main outlet for discharging the pressurized liquid from the nozzle, the main channel including a mixing chamber disposed between the inlet and the outlet;a flow-reversing channel having: a first liquid-diverting inlet for diverting a portion of the pressurized liquid from a main stream flowing through the main channel; anda reverse-flow outlet connected to the mixing chamber for discharging a reverse flow of pressurized liquid into the mixing chamber to thereby create shear forces between the main stream and the reverse flow that generate cavitating bubbles in the main stream of pressurized liquid in the mixing chamber, thereby generating the cavitating jet; anda shroud-generating channel having a second liquid-diverting inlet for receiving pressurized liquid from the mixing chamber and a shroud-jet outlet disposed radially outwardly of the main outlet of the main channel, the shroud jet outlet discharging an annular shroud jet that enshrouds the cavitating jet discharged from the main outlet. 2. The nozzle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the main channel comprises a converging section between the main inlet and the mixing chamber. 3. The nozzle as claimed in claim 2 wherein the inlet of the flow reversing channel is open to the converging section. 4. The nozzle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the mixing chamber defines an upstream end and a downstream end, the reverse-flow outlet of the flow reversing channel being open to the mixing chamber at the downstream end of the mixing chamber. 5. The nozzle as claimed in claim 4 wherein the second liquid-diverting inlet is connected to the upstream end of the mixing chamber. 6. The nozzle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the outlet of the shroud-generating channel is annular and concentric to a central longitudinal axis of the main channel at the main outlet. 7. The nozzle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first liquid-diverting inlet of the flow-reversing channel is connected to the main channel upstream of the mixing chamber. 8. The nozzle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the transverse dimensions of the channels are selected such that a fluid velocity discharging from the main outlet is substantially equal to a fluid velocity exiting from the shroud-jet outlet. 9. The nozzle as claimed in claim 1 wherein the mixing chamber has a frustaconical shape disposed axially along a direction of fluid flow, wherein a diameter of the mixing chamber at the upstream end of the mixing chamber is greater than a diameter of the mixing chamber at the downstream end of the mixing chamber. 10. A nozzle for generating a naturally pulsed jet of pressurized liquid, the nozzle having a body comprising: a main channel extending through the body, the main channel having a main inlet for receiving the pressurized liquid and a main outlet for discharging the pressurized liquid from the nozzle, the main channel including a mixing chamber disposed between the main inlet and the main outlet;a flow-reversing channel having: a first liquid-diverting inlet for diverting a portion of the pressurized liquid from a main stream flowing through the main channel; anda reverse-flow outlet connected to the mixing chamber for discharging an angled reverse flow of pressurized liquid into the mixing chamber at an angle relative to the main stream to thereby intermittently interrupt the main stream, thereby generating the naturally pulsed jet; anda shroud-generating channel having a second liquid-diverting inlet for receiving pressurized liquid from the mixing chamber and a shroud-jet outlet disposed radially outwardly of the main outlet of the main channel, the shroud jet outlet discharging an annular shroud jet that enshrouds the pulsed jet discharged from the main outlet. 11. The nozzle as claimed in claim 10 wherein the main channel comprises a converging section between the main inlet and the mixing chamber. 12. The nozzle as claimed in claim 11 wherein the inlet of the flow reversing channel is open to the converging section. 13. The nozzle as claimed in claim 10 wherein the mixing chamber defines an upstream end and a downstream end, the reverse-flow outlet of the flow reversing channel being open to the mixing chamber at the downstream end of the mixing chamber. 14. The nozzle as claimed in claim 13 wherein the second liquid-diverting inlet is connected to the upstream end of the mixing chamber. 15. The nozzle as claimed in claim 10 wherein the outlet of the shroud-generating channel is annular and concentric to a central longitudinal axis of the main channel at the main outlet. 16. The nozzle as claimed in claim 10 wherein the first liquid-diverting inlet of the flow-reversing channel is connected to the main channel upstream of the mixing chamber. 17. The nozzle as claimed in claim 10 wherein the transverse dimensions of the channels are selected such that a fluid velocity discharging from the main outlet is substantially equal to a fluid velocity exiting from the shroud-jet outlet. 18. The nozzle as claimed in claim 10 wherein the mixing chamber has a frustaconical shape disposed axially along a direction of fluid flow, wherein a diameter of the mixing chamber at the upstream end of the mixing chamber is greater than a diameter of the mixing chamber at the downstream end of the mixing chamber. 19. A reverse-flow cavitation nozzle for generating a cavitating jet of pressurized liquid, the nozzle comprising: a nozzle body having a main inlet for receiving a stream of the pressurized liquid;a main channel extending through the nozzle body from the main inlet to a main outlet;a flow-reversing channel having a liquid-diverting inlet in fluid communication with the main channel at a point upstream of a mixing chamber for diverting into the flow-reversing channel a diverted portion of the liquid from the main channel and for returning the diverted liquid to the mixing chamber as a reverse-flow jet relative to a main stream of liquid flowing toward the main outlet, wherein the reverse-flow jet interacts with the main stream to generate the cavitating jet that discharges from the main outlet. 20. The reverse-flow cavitation nozzle as claimed in claim 19 further comprising a converging section between the main inlet and the mixing chamber. 21. The reverse-flow cavitation nozzle as claimed in claim 20 wherein the liquid-diverting inlet of the flow-reversing channel is in fluid communication with the converging section. 22. The reverse-flow cavitation nozzle as claimed in claim 19 further comprising a converging section between the main inlet and the mixing chamber, and a throat of uniform cross-sectional area downstream of the converging section, wherein the mixing chamber is a frustaconical mixing chamber located downstream of the throat. 23. The reverse-flow cavitation nozzle as claimed in claim 22 wherein the liquid-diverting inlet of the flow-reversing channel is in fluid communication with the converging section and wherein the flow-reversing channel further comprises a reverse-flow outlet in fluid communication with a downstream end of the mixing chamber. 24. The reverse-flow cavitation nozzle as claimed in claim 23 wherein the frustaconical shape of the mixing chamber is arranged axially along a direction of fluid flow, such that a diameter of the mixing chamber at the upstream end of the mixing chamber is greater than a diameter of the mixing chamber at the downstream end of the mixing chamber. 25. A reverse-flow nozzle for generating a naturally pulsed jet of pressurized liquid, the nozzle comprising: a nozzle body having a main inlet for receiving a stream of the pressurized liquid;a main channel extending through the nozzle body from the main inlet to a main outlet;a flow-reversing channel having a liquid-diverting inlet in fluid communication with the main channel at a point upstream of a mixing chamber for diverting into the flow-reversing channel a diverted portion of the liquid from the main channel and for returning the diverted liquid to the mixing chamber as a reverse-flow jet that is both reversed and angled relative to a main stream of liquid flowing toward the main outlet, wherein the reverse-flow jet intermittently interrupts the main stream to generate the naturally pulsed jet that discharges from the main outlet. 26. The reverse-flow nozzle as claimed in claim 25 further comprising a converging section between the main inlet and the mixing chamber. 27. The reverse-flow nozzle as claimed in claim 26 wherein the liquid-diverting inlet of the flow-reversing channel is in fluid communication with the converging section. 28. The reverse-flow nozzle as claimed in claim 25 further comprising a converging section between the main inlet and the mixing chamber, and a throat of uniform cross-sectional area downstream of the converging section, wherein the mixing chamber is a frustaconical mixing chamber located downstream of the throat. 29. The reverse-flow nozzle as claimed in claim 28 wherein the liquid-diverting inlet of the flow-reversing channel is in fluid communication with the converging section and wherein the flow-reversing channel further comprises a reverse-flow outlet in fluid communication with a downstream end of the mixing chamber. 30. The reverse-flow nozzle as claimed in claim 29 wherein the frustaconical shape of the mixing chamber is arranged axially along a direction of fluid flow, such that a diameter of the mixing chamber at the upstream end of the mixing chamber is greater than a diameter of the mixing chamber at the downstream end of the mixing chamber.