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Described herein is a method for coating an object with a polymer layer. The method includes contacting the object with a first solution comprising a non-polymeric grafting initiator comprising at least one photoinitiator group capable of generating a free radical active species upon absorption of e

Described herein is a method for coating an object with a polymer layer. The method includes contacting the object with a first solution comprising a non-polymeric grafting initiator comprising at least one photoinitiator group capable of generating a free radical active species upon absorption of electromagnetic energy, wherein the photoinitiator group is selected from the group consisting of an initiator that is insoluble in polar solvent; and a negatively charged initiator; irradiating the first solution and the object, resulting in the grafting initiator binding to the object; removing the first solution; contacting the object with a second solution comprising a polymerizable monomer having at least one free-radical polymerizable group; and irradiating the second solution and the object, wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator acts as a photoinitiator for a free-radical polymerization reaction.

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1. A method for coating an object with a polymer layer comprising: placing the object into a container;filling the container with a first solution comprising a non-polymeric grafting initiator comprising at least one photoinitiator group capable of generating a free radical active species upon absor

1. A method for coating an object with a polymer layer comprising: placing the object into a container;filling the container with a first solution comprising a non-polymeric grafting initiator comprising at least one photoinitiator group capable of generating a free radical active species upon absorption of electromagnetic energy, wherein the photoinitiator group is selected from the group consisting of an initiator that is insoluble in polar solvent; and a negatively charged initiator;irradiating the container having the first solution and the object, resulting in the grafting initiator binding to the object;removing the first solution from the container;filling the container with a second solution comprising a polymerizable monomer having at least one free-radical polymerizable group; andirradiating the container having the second solution and the object, wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator acts as a photoinitiator for a free-radical polymerization reaction, resulting in the polymerization of the polymerizable monomer and formation of a polymer layer on the object. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator is selected from 4,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,4-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1-sulfonic acid mono (or di-) sodium salt; and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising bubbling an inert gas through the first solution to remove non-inert gas from the first solution. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising bubbling an inert gas through the second solution to remove non-inert gas from the second solution. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising rinsing the object. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein filling the container with the first solution includes adding an amount of the first solution sufficient to surround the object. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein filling the container with the second solution includes adding an amount of the second solution sufficient to surround the object. 8. A method for coating an object with a polymer layer comprising the steps of: establishing fluid communication between a container and a fluid maintenance station, the container having the object disposed therein;dispensing a first solution into the container from the fluid maintenance station, the first solution comprising a non-polymeric grafting initiator comprising at least one photoinitiator group capable of generating a free radical active species upon absorption of electromagnetic energy, wherein the photoinitiator group is selected from the group consisting of an initiator that is insoluble in polar solvent; and a negatively charged initiator;interrupting fluid communication between the container and the fluid maintenance station;irradiating the container resulting in the grafting initiator binding to the object;re-establishing fluid communication between the container and the fluid maintenance station;removing the first solution from the container and dispensing a second solution into the container from the fluid maintenance station, the second solution comprising a polymerizable monomer having at least one free-radical polymerizable group; andinterrupting fluid communication between the container and the fluid maintenance station; andirradiating the container, wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator acts as a photoinitiator for a free-radical polymerization reaction resulting in the polymerization of the polymerizable monomer and formation of a polymer layer on the object. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator is selected from 4,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,4-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1-sulfonic acid mono (or di-) sodium salt; and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising conveying the container to an irradiation station. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising bubbling inert gas through the first solution in the container to remove non-inert gas. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising bubbling inert gas through the second solution in the container to remove non-inert gas. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising conveying the container from the fluid maintenance station to an irradiation station. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising conveying the container from an irradiation station to a fluid maintenance station. 15. A method for coating an object comprising the steps of: placing the object into a translucent container attached to a conveyor mechanism;conveying the translucent container to a fluid maintenance station and filling the translucent container with a first solution comprising a non-polymeric grafting initiator comprising at least one photoinitiator group capable of generating a free radical active species upon absorption of electromagnetic energy, wherein the photoinitiator group is selected from the group consisting of an initiator that is insoluble in polar solvent; and a negatively charged initiator;conveying the translucent container to an irradiation station and irradiating the container, resulting in the grafting initiator binding to the object;conveying the translucent container to the fluid maintenance station and removing the first solution from the container and filling the container with a second solution comprising a polymerizable monomer having at least one free-radical polymerizable group, said filling sufficient to surround said object with second solution; andconveying the translucent container to the irradiation station and irradiating the translucent container wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator acts as a photoinitiator for a free-radical polymerization reaction, resulting in the polymerization of the polymerizable monomer and formation of a polymer layer on the object. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the non-polymeric grafting initiator is selected from 4,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1,4-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt; 2,5-bis(4-benzoylphenylmethyleneoxy)benzene-1-sulfonic acid mono (or di-) sodium salt; and combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 15, the conveyor mechanism comprising a conveyor track. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising bubbling inert gas through the first solution in the container to remove non-inert gas. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising bubbling inert gas through the second solution in the container to remove non-inert gas. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising rinsing the object.