Compounds, compositions and methods of inhibiting alpha-synuclein toxicity
원문보기
IPC분류정보
국가/구분
United States(US) Patent
등록
국제특허분류(IPC7판)
C07D-277/82
A61K-031/428
출원번호
US-0575481
(2005-09-16)
등록번호
US-8440705
(2013-05-14)
국제출원번호
PCT/US2005/033050
(2005-09-16)
§371/§102 date
20080111
(20080111)
국제공개번호
WO2006/034003
(2006-03-30)
발명자
/ 주소
Lindquist, Susan L.
Outeiro, Tiago
Labaudinière, Richard
출원인 / 주소
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
대리인 / 주소
Fish & Richardson P.C.
인용정보
피인용 횟수 :
0인용 특허 :
55
초록▼
Compounds and compositions are provided for treatment or amelioration of one or more symptoms of α-synuclein toxicity, α-synuclein mediated diseases or diseases in which α-synuclein fibrils are a symptom or cause of the disease. In one embodiment, the compounds for use in the compositions and method
Compounds and compositions are provided for treatment or amelioration of one or more symptoms of α-synuclein toxicity, α-synuclein mediated diseases or diseases in which α-synuclein fibrils are a symptom or cause of the disease. In one embodiment, the compounds for use in the compositions and methods are heteroaryl acylguanidines, heteroarylhydrazones, dihydropyridones, heteroaryl and aryl styryl ketones, and heteroarylpyrazoles.
대표청구항▼
1. A method of inhibiting or preventing α-synuclein toxicity and/or fibril formation, inhibiting or preventing α-synuclein fibril growth, and/or causing disassembly, disruption, and/or disaggregation of α-synuclein fibrils and α-synuclein-associated protein deposits in a patient, comprising administ
1. A method of inhibiting or preventing α-synuclein toxicity and/or fibril formation, inhibiting or preventing α-synuclein fibril growth, and/or causing disassembly, disruption, and/or disaggregation of α-synuclein fibrils and α-synuclein-associated protein deposits in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is S;Y is NRR′; where R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl, and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl;Z is a direct bond or NR;R1 is cycloalkyl;n is 0 to 4;R2 is selected from (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R110, halo, pseudohalo, OR111, S(D)aR112, NR115R116 or N+R115R116R117; or(ii) any two R2 groups, which substitute adjacent atoms on the ring, together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or heteroalkylene;A is O, S or NR125;R110 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R126, halo, pseudohalo, OR125, SR125, NR127R128 or SiR122R123R124;R111 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R129, NR130R131 or SiR122R123R124;D is O or NR125;a is 0, 1 or 2;when a is 1 or 2, R112 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, OR125, SR125 and NR132R133;when a is 0, R112 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, SR125 and C(A)R129;R115, R116 and R117 are each independently selected from (a) and (b) as follows:(a) hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R129, OR125 or NR132R133; or(b) any two of R115, R116 and R117 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene, and the other is selected as in (a);R122, R123 and R124 are selected as in (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) R122, R123 and R124 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR132R133; or(ii) any two of R122, R123 and R124 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; and the other is selected as in (i);R125 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;R126 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR134R135; where R134 and R135 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR136 or NR132R133, or R134 and R135 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene, where R136 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;R127 and R128 are selected as in (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) R127 and R128 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125, NR137R138 or C(A)R139, where R137 and R138 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, or together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; and R139 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR140 or NR132R133, where R140 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; or(ii) R127 and R128 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene;R129 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR140 or NR132R133;R130 and R131 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or C(A)R141, where R141 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR132R133; or R130 and R131 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene;R132 and R133 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or R132 and R133 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; andR3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl;wherein Y, Z, R1, R2 and R3 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q1, where Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylalkenyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkoxy, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonylalkyl, alkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, dialkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, arylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylaminocarbonylalokoxy, diarylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonylalkyl, diarylaminocarbonyl alkoxy, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylalkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidino, isothioureido, ureido, N-alkylureido, N-arylureido, N′-alkylureido, N′,N′-dialkylureido, N′-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N′,N′-diarylureido, N′-arylureido, N,N′-dialkylureido, N-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N-aryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′-diarylureido, N,N′,N′-trialkylureido, N,N′-dialkyl-N′-arylureido, N-alkyl-N′,N′-diarylureido, N-aryl-N′,N′-dialkylureido, N,N′-diaryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′,N′-triarylureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+R151R152R153, P(R150)2, P(═O)(R150)2, OP(═O)(R150)2, —NR160C(═O)R163, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl or alkylarylaminosulfonyl; azido, tetrazolyl or two Q1 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylenedioxy (i.e., —O—(CH2)y—O—), thioalkylenoxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—O—) or alkylenedithioxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—S—) where y is 1 or 2; or two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene; andeach Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q2;each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylalkenyl alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidino, isothioureido, ureido, N-alkylureido, N-arylureido, N′-alkylureido, N′,N′-dialkylureido, N′-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N′,N′-diarylureido, N′-arylureido, N,N′-dialkylureido, N-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N-aryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′-diarylureido, N,N′,N′-trialkylureido, N,N′-dialkyl-N′-arylureido, N-alkyl-N′,N′-diarylureido, N-aryl-N′,N′-dialkylureido, N,N′-diaryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′,N′-triarylureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+R151R152R153, P(R150)2, P(═O)(R150)2, OP(═O)(R150)2, —NR160C(═O)R163, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl or alkylarylaminosulfonyl; or two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylenedioxy (i.e., —O—(CH2)y—O—), thioalkylenoxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—O—) or alkylenedithioxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—S—) where y is 1 or 2; or two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;R150 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR170R171, where R170 and R171 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or R170 and R171 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene;R151, R152 and R153 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;R160 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; andR163 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR170R171. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: X is S;Y is NRR′, where R is hydrogen or alkyl;Z is a direct bond or NR;R1 is cycloalkyl;R2 is halo, pseudohalo, alkoxy or alkyl;n is 0 or 1;R3 is hydrogen or alkyl;wherein Y, Z, R1, R2 and R3 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q1. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein R is hydrogen. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein n is 0 or 1. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein Y is NH2. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein Z is a direct bond or NH. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein R1 is cycloalkyl and is unsubstituted or substituted with aryloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, pseudohalo, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, alkylamino, or dialkylamino. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein R1 is cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl, 2-fluorocyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, 2-phenylcyclopropyl, 1-methyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl, or 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein R2 is halo or alkyl. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein R2 is chloro or methyl. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein R3 is hydrogen. 12. A composition, comprising a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is S;Y is NRR′; where R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl, and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl;Z is a direct bond or NR;R1 is cycloalkyl;n is 0 to 4;R2 is selected from (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R110, halo, pseudohalo, OR111, S(D)aR112, NR115R116 or N+R115R116R117; or(ii) any two R2 groups, which substitute adjacent atoms on the ring, together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or heteroalkylene;A is O, S or NR125;R110 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R126, halo, pseudohalo, OR125, SR125, NR127R128 or SiR122R123R124;R111 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R129, NR130R131 or SiR122R123R124;D is O or NR125;a is 0, 1 or 2;when a is 1 or 2, R112 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, OR125, SR125 and NR132R133;when a is 0, R112 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, SR125 and C(A)R129;R115, R116 and R117 are each independently selected from (a) and (b) as follows:(a) hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R129, OR125 or NR132R133; or(b) any two of R115, R116 and R117 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene, and the other is selected as in (a);R122, R123 and R124 are selected as in (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) R122, R123 and R124 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR132R133; or(ii) any two of R122, R123 and R124 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; and the other is selected as in (i);R125 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;R126 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR134R135; where R134 and R135 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR136 or NR132R133, or R134 and R135 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene, where R136 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;R127 and R128 are selected as in (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) R127 and R128 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125, NR137R138 or C(A)R139, where R137 and R138 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, or together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; and R139 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR140 or NR132R133, where R140 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; or(ii) R127 and R128 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene;R129 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR140 or NR132R133;R130 and R131 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or C(A)R141, where R141 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR132R133; or R130 and R131 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene;R132 and R133 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or R132 and R133 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; andR3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl;wherein Y, Z, R1, R2 and R3 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q1, where Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylalkenyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkoxy, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonylalkyl, alkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, dialkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, arylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylaminocarbonylalokoxy, diarylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonylalkyl, diarylaminocarbonyl alkoxy, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylalkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidino, isothioureido, ureido, N-alkylureido, N-arylureido, N′-alkylureido, N′,N′-dialkylureido, N′-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N′,N′-diarylureido, N′-arylureido, N,N′-dialkylureido, N-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N-aryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′-diarylureido, N,N′,N′-trialkylureido, N,N′-dialkyl-N′-arylureido, N-alkyl-N′,N′-diarylureido, N-aryl-N′,N′-dialkylureido, N,N′-diaryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′,N′-triarylureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+R151R152R153, P(R150)2, P(═O)(R150)2, OP(═O)(R150)2, —NR160C(═O)R163, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl or alkylarylaminosulfonyl; azido, tetrazolyl or two Q1 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylenedioxy (i.e., —O—(CH2)y—O—), thioalkylenoxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—O—) or alkylenedithioxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—S—) where y is 1 or 2; or two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene; andeach Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q2;each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylalkenyl alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidino, isothioureido, ureido, N-alkylureido, N-arylureido, N′-alkylureido, N′,N′-dialkylureido, N′-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N′,N′-diarylureido, N′-arylureido, N,N′-dialkylureido, N-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N-aryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′-diarylureido, N,N′,N′-trialkylureido, N,N′-dialkyl-N′-arylureido, N-alkyl-N′,N′-diarylureido, N-aryl-N′,N′-dialkylureido, N,N′-diaryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′,N′-triarylureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+R151R152R153, P(R150)2, P(═O)(R150)2, OP(═O)(R150)2, —NR160C(═O)R163, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl or alkylarylaminosulfonyl; or two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylenedioxy (i.e., —O—(CH2)y—O—), thioalkylenoxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—O—) or alkylenedithioxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—S—) where y is 1 or 2; or two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;R150 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR170R171, where R170 and R171 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or R170 and R171 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene;R151, R152 and R153 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;R160 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; andR163 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR170R171;and one or more of the following: donepezil hydrochloride (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine tartrate (EXELON®), tacrine hydrochloride (COGNEX®) and galantamine hydrobromide (REMINYL®). 13. A method of treating or ameliorating a synucleinopathy comprising administering to a patient a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is S;Y is NRR′; where R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl, and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl;Z is a direct bond or NR;R1 is cycloalkyl;n is 0 to 4;R2 is selected from (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R110, halo, pseudohalo, OR111, S(D)aR112, NR115R116 or N+R115R116R117; or(ii) any two R2 groups, which substitute adjacent atoms on the ring, together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or heteroalkylene;A is O, S or NR125;R110 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R126, halo, pseudohalo, OR125, SR125, NR127R128 or SiR122R123R124;R111 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R129, NR130R131 or SiR122R123R124;D is O or NR125;a is 0, 1 or 2;when a is 1 or 2, R112 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, OR125, SR125 and NR132R133;when a is 0, R112 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, SR125 and C(A)R129;R115, R116 and R117 are each independently selected from (a) and (b) as follows:(a) hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C(A)R129, OR125 or NR132R133; or(b) any two of R115, R116 and R117 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene, and the other is selected as in (a);R122, R123 and R124 are selected as in (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) R122, R123 and R124 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR132R133; or(ii) any two of R122, R123 and R124 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; and the other is selected as in (i);R125 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;R126 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR134R135; where R134 and R135 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR136 or NR132R133, or R134 and R135 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene, where R136 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl;R127 and R128 are selected as in (i) or (ii) as follows:(i) R127 and R128 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125, NR137R138 or C(A)R139, where R137 and R138 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, or together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; and R139 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR140 or NR132R133, where R140 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; or(ii) R127 and R128 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene;R129 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR140 or NR132R133;R130 and R131 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or C(A)R141, where R141 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, OR125 or NR132R133; or R130 and R131 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene;R132 and R133 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylium, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or R132 and R133 together form alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or heteroalkylene; andR3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl;wherein Y, Z, R1, R2 and R3 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q1, where Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylalkenyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkoxy, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonylalkoxy, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonylalkyl, alkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, dialkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkyl, dialkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, arylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylaminocarbonylalokoxy, diarylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonylalkyl, diarylaminocarbonyl alkoxy, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylalkylaminocarbonylalkoxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidino, isothioureido, ureido, N-alkylureido, N-arylureido, N′-alkylureido, N′,N′-dialkylureido, N′-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N′,N′-diarylureido, N′-arylureido, N,N′-dialkylureido, N-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N-aryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′-diarylureido, N,N′,N′-trialkylureido, N,N′-dialkyl-N′-arylureido, N-alkyl-N′,N′-diarylureido, N-aryl-N′,N′-dialkylureido, N,N′-diaryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′,N′-triarylureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+R151R152R153, P(R150)2, P(═O)(R150)2, OP(═O)(R150)2, —NR160C(═O)R163, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl or alkylarylaminosulfonyl; azido, tetrazolyl or two Q1 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylenedioxy (i.e., —O—(CH2)y—O—), thioalkylenoxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—O—) or alkylenedithioxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—S—) where y is 1 or 2; or two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene; andeach Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents, each independently selected from Q2;each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, hydroxycarbonylalkenyl alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidino, isothioureido, ureido, N-alkylureido, N-arylureido, N′-alkylureido, N′,N′-dialkylureido, N′-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N′,N′-diarylureido, N′-arylureido, N,N′-dialkylureido, N-alkyl-N′-arylureido, N-aryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′-diarylureido, N,N′,N′-trialkylureido, N,N′-dialkyl-N′-arylureido, N-alkyl-N′,N′-diarylureido, N-aryl-N′,N′-dialkylureido, N,N′-diaryl-N′-alkylureido, N,N′,N′-triarylureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+R151R152R153, P(R150)2, P(═O)(R150)2, OP(═O)(R150)2, —NR160C(═O)R163, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl or alkylarylaminosulfonyl; or two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylenedioxy (i.e., —O—(CH2)y—O—), thioalkylenoxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—O—) or alkylenedithioxy (i.e., —S—(CH2)y—S—) where y is 1 or 2; or two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;R150 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR170R171, where R170 and R171 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or R170 and R171 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene;R151, R152 and R153 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;R160 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; andR163 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR170R171. 14. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from the group consisting of: 15. A composition, comprising a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 16. A compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. A method of inhibiting or preventing α-synuclein toxicity and/or fibril formation, inhibiting or preventing α-synuclein fibril growth, and/or causing disassembly, disruption, and/or disaggregation of α-synuclein fibrils and α-synuclein-associated protein deposits in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a compound: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 18. A method of treating or ameliorating a synucleinopathy comprising administering to a patient a compound: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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Norris James ; Clawson Gary ; Westwater Caroline ; Schofield David ; Schmidt Michael ; Hoel Brian ; Dolan Joseph ; Pan Wei-Hua, Tissue-specific and pathogen-specific toxic agents and ribozymes.
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