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A humanoid robot includes a torso, a pair of arms, a neck, a head, a wrist joint assembly, and a control system. The arms and the neck movably extend from the torso. Each of the arms includes a lower arm and a hand that is rotatable relative to the lower arm. The wrist joint assembly is operatively

A humanoid robot includes a torso, a pair of arms, a neck, a head, a wrist joint assembly, and a control system. The arms and the neck movably extend from the torso. Each of the arms includes a lower arm and a hand that is rotatable relative to the lower arm. The wrist joint assembly is operatively defined between the lower arm and the hand. The wrist joint assembly includes a yaw axis and a pitch axis. The pitch axis is disposed in a spaced relationship to the yaw axis such that the axes are generally perpendicular. The pitch axis extends between the yaw axis and the lower arm. The hand is rotatable relative to the lower arm about each of the yaw axis and the pitch axis. The control system is configured for determining a yaw angle and a pitch angle of the wrist joint assembly.

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1. A wrist joint assembly operatively defined between a lower arm and a hand of a humanoid robot, the wrist joint assembly comprising: a pair of links operatively interconnecting the lower arm and the hand;wherein the links extend in a spaced and generally parallel relationship to one another;a pair

1. A wrist joint assembly operatively defined between a lower arm and a hand of a humanoid robot, the wrist joint assembly comprising: a pair of links operatively interconnecting the lower arm and the hand;wherein the links extend in a spaced and generally parallel relationship to one another;a pair of linear actuators operatively interconnecting the lower arm and a respective one of the pair of links;a yaw axis;a pitch axis disposed in a spaced and generally perpendicular relationship to the yaw axis;wherein the pitch axis is disposed between the yaw axis and the lower arm such that the yaw axis and the pitch axis do not intersect one another;wherein the hand is rotatable relative to the lower arm about each of the yaw axis and the pitch axis;wherein each of the linear actuators is configured for independent linear movement, relative to the lower arm, such that the respective one of the pair of links moves in response to movement of the respective linear actuator to move the hand about at least one of the yaw axis and the pitch axis;wherein each of the pair of linear actuators is configured to move in the same direction such as that the hand rotates at least about the pitch axis; andwherein each of the pair of linear actuators is configured to move in opposite directions such that the hand rotates at least about the yaw axis. 2. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the hand is configured to rotate relative to the lower arm 60 degrees about the yaw axis and 140 degrees about the pitch axis. 3. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 2, wherein the hand is configured to rotate relative to the lower arm from between −15 degrees and 45 degrees about the yaw axis. 4. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the wrist joint assembly defines a pass-through configured to accommodate transmission elements that connect the lower arm to at least one of the hand. 5. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the pair of linear actuators are configured to move simultaneously in the same direction at an equal linear speed such that the hand only rotates about the pitch axis; wherein the pair of linear actuators are configured to move simultaneously in opposing directions at approximately equal linear speed such that the hand only rotates about the yaw axis; andwherein the pair of linear actuators are configured to move simultaneously at different linear speeds such that the hand rotates about the yaw and pitch axes simultaneously. 6. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the links are attached to the hand and the respective one of the pair of linear actuators at a ball joint. 7. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 6, wherein the ball joint includes a socket portion and a ball portion rotatably disposed in the socket portion; wherein the ball portion extends from opposing ends of each of the links. 8. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 7, wherein the socket portion includes: a base portion;a pair of flanges extending from the base portion in spaced relationship to define a socket opening therebetween;wherein the socket opening is configured for receiving the respective ball portion therebetween;wherein a slit is defined between edges of the pair of flange portions such that a portion of the respective link movably extends through the slit when the hand is moving relative to the lower arm. 9. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 8, wherein the base portion presents a contact surface facing the socket opening; wherein the contact surface includes a screw that is configured to retract away from the socket opening to allow insertion of the ball portion into the socket portion;wherein the screw is configured to be extended toward the socket opening to snug the ball portion into contact with the ball portion. 10. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of the links and the respective linear actuator includes a spring element configured to provide series-elastic actuation. 11. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 10, wherein the spring element is a coil spring. 12. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 10, wherein the spring element is formed from a compressible material. 13. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 10, further comprising a deflection measurement device in operative communication with the spring element; wherein the deflection measurement device is configured to measure deflection of the spring element. 14. A humanoid robot comprising: a torso;a pair of arms movably extending from the torso;wherein each of the arms includes a lower arm and a hand, rotatable relative to the lower arm;a neck movably extending from the torso;a head movably extending from the neck;a wrist joint assembly operatively defined between the lower arm and the hand, the wrist joint assembly including; a yaw axis,a pitch axis disposed in a spaced and generally perpendicular relationship to the yaw axis,wherein the pitch axis is disposed between the yaw axis and the lower arm such that the yaw axis and the pitch axis do not intersect one another,wherein the hand is rotatable relative to the lower arm about each of the yaw axis and the pitch axis; anda control system configured for determining a yaw angle and a pitch angle of the wrist joint assembly. 15. A wrist joint assembly operatively defined between a lower arm and a hand of a humanoid robot, the wrist joint assembly comprising: a pair of links operatively interconnecting the lower arm and the hand;wherein the links extend in a spaced and generally parallel relationship to one another;a pair of linear actuators operatively interconnecting the lower arm and a respective one of the pair links;a yaw axis;a pitch axis disposed in a spaced and generally perpendicular relationship to the yaw axis;wherein the pitch axis is disposed between the yaw axis and the lower arm such that the yaw axis and the pitch axis do not intersect one another;wherein the hand is rotatable relative to the lower arm about each of the yaw axis and the pitch axis;wherein each of the linear actuators is configured for independent linear movement, relative to the lower arm, such that the respective one of the pair of links moves in response to movement of the respective linear actuator to move the hand about at least one of the yaw axis and the pitch axis;wherein at least one of the links and the respective linear actuator includes a spring element configured to provide series-elastic actuation; anda deflection measurement device in operative communication with the spring element; wherein the deflection measurement device is configured to measure deflection of the spring element. 16. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 15, wherein the hand is configured to rotate relative to the lower arm 60 degrees about the yaw axis and 140 degrees about the pitch axis. 17. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 16, wherein the hand is configured to rotate relative to the lower arm from between −15 degrees and 45 degrees about the yaw axis. 18. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 15, wherein the spring element is a coil spring. 19. A wrist joint assembly, as set forth in claim 15, wherein the spring element is formed from a compressible material.