초록

Presented are one or more aspects and/or one or more embodiments of catalysts, methods of preparation of catalyst, methods of deoxygenation, and methods of fuel production.

대표청구항 ▼

1. A method of making a catalyst, the method comprising: providing a granular or pelletized porous substrate;providing a solution comprising ions of a metal for electroless deposition;mixing the substrate with the solution; andcontrolling the temperature of the mixture of the substrate and the solut

1. A method of making a catalyst, the method comprising: providing a granular or pelletized porous substrate;providing a solution comprising ions of a metal for electroless deposition;mixing the substrate with the solution; andcontrolling the temperature of the mixture of the substrate and the solution to ramp from a first temperature to a higher temperature while adding a reducing agent incrementally or continuously so as to cause controlled electroless deposition of the metal as a catalytically active nanoscale coating of the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is structured and comprises carbon, carbon foam, alumina, silica-alumina, metal foam, silica, zeolites, magnesia, titania, chromia, zirconia, monoliths, or combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is granular with size in the range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm, the substrate comprises activated carbon, alumina, silica-alumina, silica, zeolites, titania, zirconia, magnesia, chromia, or combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises palladium. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises nickel. 6. The method claim 1, wherein the metal comprises chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, platinum, zinc, copper, gold, silver, or mixtures thereof. 7. The method claim 1, wherein two or more metals are electrolessly deposited by co-deposition or sequential deposition. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is activated carbon and the metal comprises palladium. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent comprises hydrazine, aldehydes, carboxylic acids with up to six carbons, or mixtures thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the granular or pelletized porous substrate is in the size range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising activating the substrate prior to electroless deposition. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising sensitizing the substrate prior to electroless deposition by exposing the substrate to a sensitizing solution. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising sensitizing the substrate prior to electroless deposition by exposing the substrate to a solution comprising a dissolved metal. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising sensitizing the substrate prior to electroless deposition by exposing the substrate to a tin chloride solution and/or activating the substrates by exposing the substrate to a palladium chloride solution. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises activated carbon, carbon foam, alumina, metal foam, silica-alumina, silica, zeolites, titania, zirconia, magnesia, chromia, monoliths, or combinations thereof; the metal comprises chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, zinc, copper, gold, silver or mixtures thereof; the reducing agent comprises hydrazine, aldehydes, carboxylic acids having 1-6 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof. 16. A method of making a catalyst, the method comprising: providing a substrate comprising granular activated carbon;exposing the substrate to a tin chloride solution so as to sensitize the activated carbon for electroless deposition;exposing the substrate to a palladium chloride solution so as to activate the activated carbon for electroless deposition;providing a solution of palladium for electroless deposition;mixing the substrate with the solution; andcontrolling the temperature of the mixture of the substrate and the solutionto ramp from a first temperature to a higher temperature while adding hydrazine incrementally or continuously so as to cause controlled electroless deposition of the palladium as a catalytically active nanoscale coating of the activated carbon. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the hydrazine is added continuously. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising an acid wash of the activated carbon. 19. A method of making a catalyst, the method comprising: providing a substrate comprising granular activated carbon;exposing the activated carbon to a tin chloride solution so as to sensitize the activated carbon for electroless deposition;exposing the activated carbon to a palladium chloride solution so as to activate the activated carbon for electroless deposition;providing a solution of nickel for electroless deposition;mixing the activated carbon with the solution; andcontrolling the temperature of the mixture of the activated carbon and the solution to ramp from a first temperature to a higher temperature while adding hydrazine incrementally or continuously to the mixture so as to cause controlled electroless deposition of the nickel as a catalytically active nanoscale coating of the activated carbon. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the hydrazine is added continuously. 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising an acid wash of the activated carbon. 22. A catalyst made by the method of claim 1.