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A method of producing carbon-metal nanocomposites includes (a) treating a material containing at least one o-catechol unit with a first solution of hexamine such that the material becomes hexamine treated; (b) treating the material with a second solution having a plurality of metal ions such that th

A method of producing carbon-metal nanocomposites includes (a) treating a material containing at least one o-catechol unit with a first solution of hexamine such that the material becomes hexamine treated; (b) treating the material with a second solution having a plurality of metal ions such that the material becomes metal treated; (c) treating the material with a third solution of alkali such that the material becomes alkali treated; and (d) heating the alkali, metal and hexamine treated material after (a), (b), and (c) for a predetermined period of time such that a plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites having metal nanoparticles dispersed in the material are produced.

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1. A method of producing carbon-metal nanocomposites, comprising: (a) treating a material containing at least one o-catechol unit with a first solution of hexamine such that the material becomes hexamine treated;(b) treating the material with a second solution having a plurality of metal ions such t

1. A method of producing carbon-metal nanocomposites, comprising: (a) treating a material containing at least one o-catechol unit with a first solution of hexamine such that the material becomes hexamine treated;(b) treating the material with a second solution having a plurality of metal ions such that the material becomes metal treated;(c) treating the material with a third solution of alkali such that the material becomes alkali treated; and(d) heating the alkali, metal and hexamine treated material after (a), (b), and (c) for a predetermined period of time such that a plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites having metal nanoparticles dispersed in the material are produced. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: extracting the hexamine treated material from the first solution;extracting the metal treated material from the second solution; andextracting the alkali treated material from the third solution. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising drying the extracted material in each of (a), (b), and (c). 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising impregnating the material with at least one o-catechol unit. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein (d) comprises subjecting the alkali, metal and hexamine treated material to microwave radiation for a predetermined period of time effective to produce the plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein (d) comprises heating the alkali, metal and hexamine treated material using a non-microwave technique at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined period of time effective to produce the plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the material comprises tannin. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the material further comprises a matrix material selected from the group consisting of pine, cedar, oak, chestnut, cypress and a combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the material further comprises a matrix material selected from the group consisting of cotton, linen, silk, wool and a combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the material further comprises a matrix material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zeolite, porous carbon allotropes and a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Fe3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Au3+, Pt2+, Pt4+, Al3+, Ti4+, Ag+, Pd2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Mn2+, Si4+, Zr+4, Sb+2, Bi3+, Zn2+, Al3+, W6+, Ba2+, Cr3+, Sn4+ and Mo6+. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the produced carbon-metal nanocomposites are magnetic. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution of alkali comprises at least one of sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonia gas. 14. A method, comprising: (a) treating a material containing at least one o-catechol unit with a plurality of metal ions, the material being a matrix material;(b) treating the material with alkali; and(c) heating the alkali and metal treated material for a predetermined period of time effective such that a plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites having metal nanoparticles dispersed in the material are produced. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein (a) comprises immersing the material in a first solution having the plurality of metal ions. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein (b) comprises immersing the material in a second solution having the alkali. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: extracting the metal treated material from the first solution; andextracting the alkali treated material from the second solution. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising drying the extracted material. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the material has a porous nature. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising impregnating the material with at least one o-catechol unit. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the impregnating the material comprises immersing the material in a fourth solution having tannin. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising treating the alkali and metal treated material with alkali. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising heating the metal and twice alkali treated material such that the plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites that are magnetic are produced. 24. The method of claim 14, further comprising treating that alkali treated material with hexamine. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein (c) comprises subjecting the alkali and metal treated material to microwave radiation for a predetermined period of time effective to produce the plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites. 26. The method of claim 14, wherein (c) comprises heating the alkali and metal treated material using a non-microwave technique at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined period of time effective to produce the plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites. 27. The method of claim 14, wherein the material comprises tannin. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the material further comprises a matrix material selected from the group consisting of pine, cedar, oak, chestnut, cypress and a combination thereof. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the material further comprises a matrix material selected from the group consisting of cotton, linen, silk, wool and a combination thereof. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the material further comprises a matrix material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zeolite, porous carbon allotropes and a combination thereof. 31. The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of metal ions are selected from the group consisting of Fe3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Au3+, Pt2+, Pt4+, Al3+, Ti4+, Ag+, Pd2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Mn2+, Si4+, Zr+4, Sb+2, Bi3+, Zn2+, Al3+, W6+, Ba2+, Cr3+, Sn4+ and Mo6+. 32. The method of claim 14, wherein the produced carbon-metal nanocomposites are magnetic. 33. The method of claim 14, wherein the solution of alkali comprises at least one of sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonia gas. 34. The method of claim 14, further comprising using the produced carbon-metal nanocomposites to remove phosphate from water. 35. The method of claim 14, further comprising using the produced carbon-metal nanocomposites to remove arsenite/arsenate from water. 36. The method of claim 14, further comprising using the produced carbon-metal nanocomposites to remove selenite/selenate from water. 37. A method, comprising: (a) dissolving a material containing at least one o-catechol unit in water to form a o-catechol containing solution, and adding an alkali containing solution to the o-catechol containing solution, wherein the material is a matrix material;(b) treating the material with a plurality of metal ions; and(c) heating the alkali and metal treated material for a predetermined period of time effective such that a plurality of carbon-metal nanocomposites having metal nanoparticles dispersed in the material are produced.