IPC분류정보
| 국가/구분 |
United States(US) Patent
등록
|
| 국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
|
| 출원번호 |
US-0060340
(2013-10-22)
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| 등록번호 |
US-8728661
(2014-05-20)
|
|
발명자
/ 주소 |
- Skotheim, Terje A.
- Sheehan, Christopher J.
- Mikhaylik, Yuriy V.
- Affinito, John D.
|
| 출원인 / 주소 |
|
| 대리인 / 주소 |
Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.
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| 인용정보 |
피인용 횟수 :
19 인용 특허 :
76 |
초록
▼
Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an inter
Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.
대표청구항
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1. An electrochemical cell for use with a liquid electrolyte, comprising: a cathode;an anode comprising an electroactive layer comprising lithium as an electroactive species; andan intermediary structure positioned between the anode and the cathode, the intermediary structure comprising at least one
1. An electrochemical cell for use with a liquid electrolyte, comprising: a cathode;an anode comprising an electroactive layer comprising lithium as an electroactive species; andan intermediary structure positioned between the anode and the cathode, the intermediary structure comprising at least one non-electroactive lithiated, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material that selectively or exclusively allows passage of lithium ions and at least one polymer which form a composite. 2. An electrochemical cell for use with a liquid electrolyte, comprising: a cathode; andan anode comprising:lithium as an electroactive species, anda structure comprising at least one non-electroactive lithiated, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material that selectively or exclusively allows passage of lithium ions and at least one polymer which form a composite layer. 3. An electrochemical cell for use with a liquid electrolyte, comprising: a cathode;an anode comprising an electroactive layer comprising lithium as an electroactive species; andan intermediary structure positioned between the anode and the cathode, the intermediary structure comprising at least one non-electroactive lithiated, porous, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer that selectively or exclusively allows passage of lithium ions; andat least one polymer. 4. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure is substantially impermeable to liquids. 5. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a layer comprising the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material which includes holes that are filled with the polymer. 6. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material has a metal ion conductivity greater than 10−7 ohm−1cm−1. 7. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the anode is formed at least in part by condensing lithium vapor onto a substrate in presence of a gaseous material to co-deposit a lithium anode active layer. 8. An electrochemical cell as in claim 7, wherein the gaseous material is selected from one or more of the group consisting of carbon dioxide, acetylene, nitrogen, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, alkyl phosphate esters, alkyl sulfite esters, and alkyl sulfate esters. 9. An electrochemical cell as in claim 8, wherein the gaseous material is carbon dioxide. 10. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the cathode comprises sulfur as an active cathode species. 11. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the polymer fills at least a portion of the pores of the porous, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer, and the polymer is in the form of a polymer layer that is positioned adjacent the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer. 12. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the polymer fills at least a portion of the pores of the porous, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer, and the polymer is deposited onto the porous, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer by a flash evaporation process. 13. An electrochemical cell as in claim 11, wherein the layer of lithium-ion conductive inorganic material is non-electronically conductive. 14. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises an acrylate. 15. An electrochemical cell as in claim 14, wherein the acrylate is selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylates, glycol acrylates, and polyglycol acrylates. 16. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material comprises a ceramic conductive to lithium ions. 17. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a multilayer comprising alternating lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer(s) and polymer layer(s). 18. An electrochemical cell as in claim 17, wherein the multilayer comprises four or more layers. 19. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the polymer layer is deposited onto the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material by a flash evaporation process. 20. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the polymer layer is positioned between the electroactive layer and the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material. 21. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, comprising an intervening layer positioned between the electroactive layer and the intermediary structure. 22. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material is not directly adjacent the electroactive layer. 23. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the structure is formed, at least in part, by vacuum thermal evaporation of the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material. 24. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure is a multilayered structure. 25. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, comprising a liquid electrolyte. 26. An electrochemical cell as in claim 25, wherein the intermediary structure is substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. 27. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, comprising a separator. 28. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the electroactive layer comprises lithium metal. 29. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the electroactive layer comprises carbon. 30. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the electroactive layer has a thickness between 5-50 microns. 31. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the polymer layer has a thickness between 100-500 nm. 32. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material is in the form of layer having a thickness between 10-2000 nm. 33. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure is a solid electrolyte. 34. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material is in the form of a layer positioned between the electroactive layer and the polymer layer. 35. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, comprising a polymer gel positioned between the anode and the cathode. 36. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, comprising an electrolyte including a solvent comprising one or more of sulfones, aliphatic ethers, cyclic ethers, and polyethers. 37. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithium-ion conductive material comprises lithium nitride. 38. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithium-ion conductive material comprises lithium oxide. 39. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer has a metal ion conductivity greater than 10−7 ohm−1cm−1. 40. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the anode is formed at least in part by condensing lithium vapor onto a substrate in presence of a gaseous material to co-deposit a lithium anode active layer. 41. An electrochemical cell as in claim 40, wherein the gaseous material is selected from one or more of the group consisting of carbon dioxide, acetylene, nitrogen, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, alkyl phosphate esters, alkyl sulfite esters, and alkyl sulfate esters. 42. An electrochemical cell as in claim 41, wherein the gaseous material is carbon dioxide. 43. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the cathode comprises sulfur as an active cathode species. 44. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer comprises a ceramic conductive to lithium ions. 45. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a multilayer comprising alternating lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer(s) and polymer layer(s). 46. An electrochemical cell as in claim 45, wherein the multilayer comprises four or more layers. 47. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the polymer layer is positioned between the electroactive layer and the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material. 48. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, comprising an intervening layer positioned between the electroactive layer and the intermediary structure. 49. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the intermediary structure is a multilayered structure. 50. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, comprising a liquid electrolyte. 51. An electrochemical cell as in claim 50, wherein the intermediary structure is substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. 52. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, comprising a separator. 53. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the electroactive layer comprises lithium metal. 54. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the electroactive layer comprises carbon. 55. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the electroactive layer has a thickness between 5-50 microns. 56. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer comprising the at least one polymer, and wherein the polymer layer has a thickness between 100-500 nm. 57. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material layer has a thickness between 10-2000 nm. 58. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the intermediary structure is a solid electrolyte. 59. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, comprising a polymer gel positioned between the anode and the cathode. 60. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, comprising an electrolyte including a solvent comprising one or more of sulfones, aliphatic ethers, cyclic ethers, and polyethers. 61. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the lithium-ion conductive material comprises lithium nitride. 62. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the lithium-ion conductive material comprises lithium oxide. 63. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the polymer comprises poly(p-phenylene), polyacetylene, poly(phenylenevinylene), polyazulene, poly(perinaphthalene), poly(naphthalene-2,6-diyl), a polyacene, a polyethylene oxide, a sulfonated siloxane polymer, a sulfonated polystyrene-ethylene-butylene polymer, a sulfonated polystyrene polymer, an ethylene-propylene polymer, a polystyrene polymer, a polyglycol vinyl ether, a polyglycol divinyl ether, and/or polydivinyl poly(ethylene glycol). 64. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the electroactive layer has a thickness between 5 microns-50 microns,wherein the intermediary structure comprises a layer comprising the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material and having a thickness between 10 nm-2000 nm,wherein the intermediary structure comprises a polymer layer positioned between the layer comprising the lithium-ion conductive inorganic material and the cathode, andwherein the electrochemical cell comprises a liquid electrolyte. 65. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1, wherein the lithiated, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material comprises a metal sulfide. 66. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3, wherein the lithiated, porous, lithium-ion conductive inorganic material comprises a metal sulfide.
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