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An apparatus and method for transmitting torque from a flywheel inside a vacuum chamber to a driveshaft outside the vacuum chamber includes constructing a magnetic gear coupling using a pair of permanent magnet arrays having magnetic flux coupling elements arranged in the vacuum chamber wall therebe

An apparatus and method for transmitting torque from a flywheel inside a vacuum chamber to a driveshaft outside the vacuum chamber includes constructing a magnetic gear coupling using a pair of permanent magnet arrays having magnetic flux coupling elements arranged in the vacuum chamber wall therebetween so as to effectively couple magnetic flux between the arrays.

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1. Apparatus for coupling force between first and second movable members, wherein the first movable member has a first array of alternating magnetic poles arranged thereon and the second movable member has a second array of alternating magnetic poles arranged thereon, wherein:magnetic flux coupling

1. Apparatus for coupling force between first and second movable members, wherein the first movable member has a first array of alternating magnetic poles arranged thereon and the second movable member has a second array of alternating magnetic poles arranged thereon, wherein:magnetic flux coupling means is arranged between the first and second movable members, wherein there is a first spacing between the magnetic flux coupling means and the first movable member and a second spacing between the magnetic flux coupling means and the second movable member, wherein the magnetic flux coupling means comprises one or more coupling elements; anda vacuum chamber contains one of the first and second movable members, the vacuum chamber having a vacuum chamber wall, wherein the magnetic flux coupling means is incorporated in the vacuum chamber wall which separates the first and second movable members,wherein the vacuum chamber is arranged to enclose a vacuum around a flywheel and wherein each coupling element is segmented orthogonally to a direction of relative motion between the members. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 in which one of the first and second members is coupled to the flywheel. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 in which in operation the first member has a first velocity and second member has a second velocity, wherein the first velocity of the first member is equal to the second velocity of the second member multiplied by a multiplier, the multiplier being proportional to the ratio of the number of magnetic pole pairs of the first and second members. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the first and second members are rotatable, and the first and second spacings are angular spacings. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 in which the first array is arranged inside the second array. 6. The apparatus of claim 4 in which the first array is arranged opposite the second array. 7. The apparatus of claim 4 in which the first array is arranged alongside the second array. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one or more coupling elements include material having a relative permeability greater than about 400. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each coupling element has substantially the same thickness as the vacuum chamber wall. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and second movable members are relatively rotatable about an axis of rotation and each coupling element havs a width that increases with radius from the axis of rotation. 11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the number of coupling elements is sufficient to span two pole- pairs of the member having the greatest pole spacing. 12. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the poles of each array are substantially equally spaced with respect to other poles of the same array in a direction of motion between the members. 13. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the poles of the first and second members are arranged with a spacing therebetween in a direction of relative motion between the members, wherein the coupling means provides a region of relatively high magnetic flux density between a pole of the first member and a pole of the second member, further in which at least one of the first array, the second array, and the coupling means are arranged such that the alignment of the region relative to at least one of the first member, the second member and the coupling means, varies along a line between the members and orthogonal to the direction of motion. 14. Apparatus for coupling force between first and second movable members, wherein the first movable member has a first array of magnetic poles arranged thereon and the second movable member has a second array of magnetic poles arranged thereon, wherein:magnetic flux coupling means is arranged between the first and second movable members, wherein there is a first spacing between the magnetic flux coupling means and the first movable member and a second spacing between the magnetic flux coupling means and the second movable member; anda chamber containing one of the first and second movable members, the chamber having a chamber wall, wherein the magnetic flux coupling means is incorporated in the chamber wall which separates the first and second movable members, wherein the magnetic flux coupling means comprises one or more coupling elements andeach coupling element varies in alignment with the poles of the first and second members in the direction of motion, along a line orthogonal to the direction of motion. 15. Apparatus for coupling force, the apparatus comprising a first rotatable member comprising a first array of magnetic poles and a second rotatable member comprising a second array of magnetic poles, wherein the first and second rotatable members are arranged to contra rotate;a chamber containing one of the first and second rotatable members and having a chamber wall which separates the first and second rotatable members; anda magnetic flux coupling arranged between the first and second rotatable members, wherein the magnetic flux coupling comprises a plurality of magnetic flux coupling elements incorporated in the chamber wall. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of magnetic flux coupling element varies in alignment with the poles of the first and second members in the direction of motion, along a line orthogonal to the direction of motion.