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A catalyst composition includes an active material having a molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance impregnated with an effective amount of cesium sufficient to promote synthesis of an alcohol, optionally carried on an inert support, wherein the active material is at least substantially free of

A catalyst composition includes an active material having a molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance impregnated with an effective amount of cesium sufficient to promote synthesis of an alcohol, optionally carried on an inert support, wherein the active material is at least substantially free of a transition metal. The present invention is further directed to methods of preparing and using the same.

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1. A catalyst composition comprising an active material having a molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance impregnated with an effective amount of cesium sufficient to promote synthesis of an alcohol, carried on an inert activated carbon support, wherein said active material is free of physically

1. A catalyst composition comprising an active material having a molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance impregnated with an effective amount of cesium sufficient to promote synthesis of an alcohol, carried on an inert activated carbon support, wherein said active material is free of physically adsorbed hydrogen sulfide, and transition metals, other than molybdenum. 2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the molybdenum- and sulfur containing substance is molybdenum sulfide. 3. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is in the range of from 0.1 to 3. 4. The catalyst composition of claim 3, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is in the range of from about 0.5 to 3. 5. The catalyst composition of claim 4, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is about 1. 6. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of cesium is at least 0.1 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 7. The catalyst composition of claim 6, wherein the effective amount of cesium is from about 2 wt % to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 8. The catalyst composition of claim 7, wherein the effective amount of cesium is from about 10 wt % to 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 9. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the molybdenum- and sulfur containing compound and cesium is present in an amount of from about 5 wt % to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The catalyst composition of claim 9, wherein the molybdenum- and sulfur containing compound and cesium is present in an amount of from about 25 wt % to 35 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 11. A method of preparing a catalyst composition, comprising the steps of: forming crystalline molybdenum oxide carried on an inert activated carbon support from a molybdenum oxide precursor via thermal decomposition;reacting crystalline molybdenum oxide with hydrogen sulfide, by passing hydrogen sulfide in contact with the crystalline molybdenum oxide at a reaction temperature for a sufficient time to sulfidize the crystalline molybdenum oxide and yield molybdenum sulfide wherein said molybdenum sulfide is free of transition metals, other than molybdenum;removing any hydrogen sulfide physically adsorbed on the molybdenum sulfide; anddistributing cesium uniformly through said molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the molybdenum oxide precursor is ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the crystalline molybdenum oxide forming step further comprises: impregnating said inert activated carbon support with said molybdenum oxide precursor; andcalcining the precursor for a sufficient time to yield the crystalline molybdenum oxide. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the impregnation step comprises applying a solution of the molybdenum oxide precursor to the inert activated carbon support via rotary evaporation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the molybdenum oxide precursor solution is applied in an amount sufficient to achieve a molybdenum loading of from about 10 wt % to 18 wt % based on the total weight of the impregnated inert activated carbon support. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the molybdenum oxide precursor is calcined at from about 400° C. to 550° C. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising washing the inert activated carbon support with an acid prior to the impregnating step. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein: the acid is nitric acid. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the cesium distributing step comprises: applying a solution of a cesium-containing compound to the molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance via rotary evaporation; anddrying said molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance under an inert atmosphere. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the cesium-containing compound solution is applied in an amount sufficient to achieve a cesium to molybdenum mass ratio in the range of from 0.1 to 3. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is in the range of from about 0.5 to 3. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is about 1. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the cesium-containing compound is cesium formate. 25. A method of synthesizing an alcohol from synthesis gas or syngas, comprising the steps of: acquiring a catalyst composition comprising an active material having a molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance impregnated with an effective amount of cesium sufficient to promote synthesis of an alcohol, carried on an inert activated carbon support, wherein said active material is free of physically adsorbed hydrogen sulfide, and transition metals, other than molybdenum; andcontacting syngas to the catalyst composition under suitable conditions to yield an alcohol. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the suitable conditions comprises a reaction temperature of from about 250° C. to 400° C. and under a pressure of from about 700 psig to 2000 psig. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein: the reaction temperature is from about 290° C. to 340° C.; andthe pressure is from about 1000 psig to 1400 psig. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the contacting step comprises flowing the syngas at a gas hourly space velocity of from about 2000 L/kg catalyst/hr to 10000 L/kg catalyst/hr. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the syngas is free of sulfur. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the syngas comprises a hydrogen to carbon monoxide volume ratio in the range of from 0.1 to 3. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide volume ratio is from about 0.5 to 3. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide volume ratio is about 1. 33. The method of claim 25, wherein the molybdenum- and sulfur-containing substance is molybdenum sulfide. 34. The method of claim 25, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is at least 0.1. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is in the range of from about 0.5 to 3. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the cesium to molybdenum mass ratio is about 1. 37. The method of claim 25, wherein the effective amount of cesium is at least 0.1 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the effective amount of cesium is from about 2 wt % to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the effective amount of cesium is from about 10 wt % to 15 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 40. The method of claim 25, wherein the active material is present in an amount of from about 5 wt % to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 41. The method of claim 25, wherein the active material is present in an amount of from about 25 wt % to 35 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. 42. The method of claim 25, further comprising an alcohol synthesis in the range of from about 80 g/kg catalyst/hr to 281 g/kg catalyst/hr. 43. The method of claim 25, further comprising an alcohols selectivity of at least 70%. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the alcohols selectivity is in the range of from about 70% to 90%. 45. The method of claim 25, further comprising a carbon monoxide conversion of at least 7%. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the carbon monoxide conversion is in the range of from about 7% to 25%. 47. The method of claim 25, wherein the alcohol is a mixture of ethanol and methanol, and the alcohol mixture is synthesized at an ethanol to methanol weight ratio of from about 0.4 to 0.75. 48. The method of claim 25, wherein the alcohol is a mixture of ethanol, higher alcohols and methanol, and the alcohol mixture is synthesized at an ethanol/higher alcohols to methanol weight ratio of from about 0.45 to 0.9. 49. The method of claim 25, wherein said catalyst composition undergoes no loss of sulfur during alcohol synthesis. 50. The method of claim 25, wherein said catalyst composition forms trace amounts of water during alcohol synthesis.