The present invention discloses certain genetic variants as susceptibility variants for lung cancer. The invention relates to methods of risk assessment using such variants. The invention further relates to kits for use in risk assessment of lung cancer.
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1. A method for determining a susceptibility to lung cancer in a human individual, comprising: assaying a nucleic acid sample from the individual for an allele of a polymorphic marker, said allele being rs1051730 allele T, rs16969968 allele A, rs8034191 allele C, or ss107794645 allele C;detecting th
1. A method for determining a susceptibility to lung cancer in a human individual, comprising: assaying a nucleic acid sample from the individual for an allele of a polymorphic marker, said allele being rs1051730 allele T, rs16969968 allele A, rs8034191 allele C, or ss107794645 allele C;detecting the allele in the nucleic acid sample;determining that the individual has an increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer from the detection of the allele in the nucleic acid sample; andscreening the human individual determined to have the increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer for lung cancer using at least one procedure selected from a chest x-ray, sputum cytology examination, and low dose computed tomography scan. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the allele is rs1051730 allele T or rs16969968 allele A. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the allele is ss107794645 allele C. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the allele is rs16969968 allele A. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the allele is rs1051730, allele T. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the allele is rs8034191 allele C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer includes calculating a risk measure that includes a relative risk or odds ratio of at least 1.2 attributed to the allele being detected in the nucleic acid sample from the individual, using an apparatus that comprises: a processor, anda computer readable memory having computer executable instructions adapted to be executed on the processor to analyze marker information for at least one human individual with respect to the polymorphic marker; and to generate an output based on the marker information, wherein the output comprises a risk measure of the polymorphic marker as a genetic indicator of susceptibility to lung cancer for the human individual. 8. The method of claim 7, comprising determining that the individual is homozygous for the allele of the polymorphic marker from the nucleic acid sequence data, and determining an increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer for the individual by calculating a risk measure that includes a relative risk or odds ratio of at least 1.22 attributable to the allele being present and homozygous in the genome of the individual. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein determination of an increased genetic susceptibility uses a database containing correlation data between the alleles of the polymorphic marker and genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the database comprises at least one risk measure of susceptibility to lung cancer for the allele of the polymorphic marker. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the database comprises a look-up table containing at least one risk measure of lung cancer for the allele of the polymorphic marker. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising reporting the susceptibility to at least one entity selected from the group consisting of the individual, a guardian of the individual, a genetic service provider, a physician, a medical organization, and a medical insurer. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the allele is ss107794645 allele C. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the allele is rs1051730 allele T. 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the allele is rs16969968 allele A. 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the individual is a tobacco smoker, and wherein the method includes determining that the individual has an increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer as compared to smokers who lack the allele. 17. The method of claim 7, wherein the computer readable memory further comprises data indicative of the risk of developing lung cancer associated with the allele, and wherein the risk measure for the human individual is based on a comparison of the marker status for the human individual to the risk of lung cancer associated with the allele. 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the computer readable memory further comprises data indicative of the frequency of the allele in a plurality of individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, and data indicative of the frequency of the allele in a plurality of reference individuals, and wherein the risk measure for the human individual is based on a comparison of the frequency of the allele in individuals diagnosed with lung cancer and reference individuals. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising analyzing non-genetic information from the individual to make risk assessment, diagnosis, or prognosis of the individual. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the non-genetic information is selected from age, gender, socioeconomic status, smoking history, medical history, family history of lung cancer, biochemical measurements, and clinical measurements. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the genetic susceptibility is performed using a computer-readable medium having computer executable instructions for determining susceptibility to lung cancer in a human individual, the computer readable medium comprising: data indicative of the polymorphic marker; anda routine stored on the computer readable medium and adapted to be executed by a processor to determine risk of developing lung cancer in an individual for the allele of the polymorphic marker. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the routine is adopted to receive input data indicative of the allelic status of the polymorphic marker in said individual. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the genetic susceptibility is performed using an apparatus for determining a genetic indicator for susceptibility to lung cancer in a human individual, the apparatus comprising: a processor, anda computer readable memory having computer executable instructions adapted to be executed on the processor to analyze marker information for at least one human individual with respect to the polymorphic marker, andto generate an output based on the marker information, based on the presence or absence of the at least one allele in the nucleic acid sample, wherein the output comprises a risk measure of the at least one marker as a genetic indicator of susceptibility to lung cancer for the human individual. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the computer readable memory further comprises data indicative of the risk of developing lung cancer associated with the allele of the polymorphic marker, and wherein the risk measure for the human individual is based on a comparison of the marker status for the human individual to the risk of lung cancer associated with the allele of the polymorphic marker. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the computer readable memory further comprises data indicative of the frequency of the allele in a plurality of individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, and data indicative of the frequency of the allele in a plurality of reference individuals, and wherein the risk measure for the individual is based on a comparison of the frequency of the allele in individuals diagnosed with lung cancer and reference individuals. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is a tobacco smoker, and wherein the method includes determining that the individual has an increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer as compared to smokers who lack the allele. 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the assaying comprises at least one technique selected from the group consisting of: polymerase chain reaction, allele-specific hybridization, allele-specific primer extension, allele-specific amplification, nucleic acid sequencing, 5′-exonuclease digestion, molecular beacon assay, oligonucleotide ligation assay, size analysis, and single-stranded conformation analysis. 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the assaying of the nucleic acid sample comprises at least one technique selected from the group consisting of: allele-specific probe hybridization and DNA sequencing. 29. The method of claim 1 wherein the determining that the individual has the increased susceptibility comprises calculating a risk score for lung cancer for the individual. 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising making a communication that includes the risk score available to the individual or to a third party. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the communication is made available to the individual or third party by a secured internet interface. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the communication is made available to a third party selected from a genetic counselor, a physician, or another health care worker. 33. The method of claim 1, further comprising making a communication that includes the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer available to the individual or to a third party, selected from the group consisting of a guardian of the individual, a genetic service provider, a physician, a medical organization, and a medical insurer. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the communication is made available to the individual or third party by a secured internet interface. 35. The method of claim 1, wherein the human individual has never smoked, and the method comprises determining the increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer as compared to human subjects who have never smoked. 36. The method of claim 1, wherein the human individual is an ex-smoker, and the method comprises determining the increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer as compared to human subjects who are ex-smokers. 37. The method of claim 1, wherein the human individual is a smoker, and the method comprises determining the increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer as compared to human subjects who smoke a similar quantity as the individual. 38. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining an increased genetic susceptibility to lung cancer includes calculating a risk measure that includes a relative risk or odds ratio of at least 1.2 attributed to the allele being detected in the nucleic acid sample.
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