A separator for separating contaminants from a fluid stream has first and second chambers coupled by an aperture through which fluid can pass. An actuator can adjust the crossectional area of the aperture according to a pressure differential between the first chamber and a pressure reference. An imp
A separator for separating contaminants from a fluid stream has first and second chambers coupled by an aperture through which fluid can pass. An actuator can adjust the crossectional area of the aperture according to a pressure differential between the first chamber and a pressure reference. An impaction surface can deflect the first fluid stream after it enters the second chamber such that contaminants are separated from the stream. A pump generates a pressure differential across the aperture. It includes a third chamber having a second inlet for receiving a second fluid stream into the third chamber. The second inlet includes a convergent nozzle for accelerating the second fluid stream, and a third inlet for receiving the first fluid stream downstream of the impaction surface, the third inlet being arranged relative to the second inlet such that the second fluid stream can entrain and accelerate the first fluid stream.
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1. A separator for separating contaminants from a fluid stream, comprising: a first chamber having a first inlet arranged to receive a first fluid stream including entrained contaminants;a second chamber fluidly coupled to the first chamber through an aperture such that the first fluid stream can pa
1. A separator for separating contaminants from a fluid stream, comprising: a first chamber having a first inlet arranged to receive a first fluid stream including entrained contaminants;a second chamber fluidly coupled to the first chamber through an aperture such that the first fluid stream can pass through the aperture into the second chamber;an actuator arranged to adjust the cross sectional area of the aperture according to a pressure differential between fluid pressure in the first chamber and a pressure reference;an impaction surface in the second chamber located in spaced-apart relation from the aperture in the path of the first fluid stream so as to deflect the first fluid stream after the first fluid stream enters the second chamber such that contaminants are separated from the first fluid stream; anda jet pump arranged to generate a pressure differential across the aperture to draw the first fluid stream through the aperture;wherein the jet pump comprises a third chamber having a second inlet for receiving a second fluid stream into the third chamber, the second inlet including a convergent nozzle for accelerating the second fluid stream, and a third inlet for receiving the first fluid stream downstream of the impaction surface, the third inlet being arranged relative to the second inlet such that the second fluid stream can entrain and accelerate the first fluid stream. 2. A separator according to claim 1, wherein the aperture has a smaller cross sectional area than the first inlet and is located to accelerate the first fluid stream towards the impaction surface. 3. A separator according to claim 1, wherein the actuator and aperture cooperate such that the rate of change of the cross sectional area of the aperture varies in a non-linear manner with respect to a change in the pressure differential. 4. A separator according to claim 3, wherein the actuator is arranged to adjust the cross-sectional area of the aperture such that it responds to increasing pressure in the first chamber by increasing the open area of the aperture. 5. A separator according to claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a diaphragm separating the first and second chambers from the pressure reference, and wherein the pressure reference comprising a fourth chamber having an air inlet such that the third chamber is at atmospheric pressure. 6. A separator according to claim 5, wherein the first chamber is defined by an inner tube arranged to receive the first fluid stream at a first end of the inner tube and the second chamber is defined by an outer tube surrounding the inner tube and surrounding the first chamber, the second end of the outer tube being closed by the diaphragm. 7. A separator according to claim 6, wherein the diaphragm is arranged to move along a longitudinal axis of the tubes in response to a change in the pressure differential between the first chamber and the pressure reference. 8. A separator according to claim 6, wherein the aperture comprises an annular gap between the second end of the inner tube and the diaphragm, movement of the diaphragm being arranged to increase or decrease the size of the annular gap. 9. A separator according to claim 8, wherein the aperture further comprises one or more slots through the inner tube wall extending along the tube wall from the second end to form a conjoined aperture with the annular gap. 10. A separator according to claim 6, wherein the aperture comprises a slot through the inner tube wall and the diaphragm further comprising a flexible portion arranged to progressively cover and uncover the slot to vary the open size of the aperture as the diaphragm moves. 11. A separator according to claim 1, further comprising a fluid outlet allowing the cleaned fluid stream to exit the separator and a drain arranged to allow liquid contaminants to drain from the separator under gravity. 12. A crankcase ventilation system comprising: a blow-by gas inlet arranged to receive blow-by gas from a crankcase;anda separator according to claim 11, wherein the first inlet is coupled to the blow-by gas inlet;wherein the fluid outlet is arranged to be coupled to an engine air inlet system or to discharge gases to the ambient environment. 13. An internal combustion engine comprising a crankcase ventilation system according to claim 12, wherein the second inlet is arranged to receive a pressurized gas stream derived from a turbocharger and the separator is operable to separate crankcase oil from the blow-by gas, the separator drain being arranged to return separated crankcase oil to the crankcase. 14. A separator for separating contaminants from a fluid stream, comprising: an inner tube defining a first chamber, the inner tube being arranged to receive a first fluid stream including entrained contaminants at a first end;an outer tube surrounding the inner tube, defining an annular second chamber surrounding the first chamber and coupled to the first chamber through an aperture such that the first fluid stream can pass through the aperture into the second chamber, wherein the outer tube annularly surrounds and is co-axial with the inner tube, the geometric axis of the tubes defining a longitudinal axis;a third chamber separated from the first and second chambers by a diaphragm which closes off the second end of the outer tube, the third chamber having a gas inlet to maintain a reference gas pressure in the third chamber; andan impaction surface coupled to the second chamber arranged to deflect the first fluid stream after the first fluid stream enters the second chamber such that contaminants are separated from the first fluid stream;wherein the diaphragm is arranged to move along the longitudinal axis of the tubes to adjust the cross sectional area of the aperture according to a pressure differential between fluid pressure in the first chamber and fluid pressure in the third chamber. 15. A separator according to claim 14, wherein the separator further comprises a pump arranged to generate a pressure differential across the aperture to draw the first fluid stream through the aperture. 16. A separator according to claim 14, wherein the aperture has a smaller cross sectional area than the first inlet and is arranged to accelerate the first fluid stream towards the impaction surface. 17. A separator according to claim 14, wherein the diaphragm and aperture cooperate such that the rate of change of the cross sectional area of the aperture varies in a non-linear manner with respect to a change in the pressure differential. 18. A separator according to claim 14, wherein the actuator responds to increasing inlet pressure by increasing the open area of the aperture. 19. A separator according to claim 14, wherein the aperture comprises an annular gap between the second end of the inner tube and the diaphragm, movement of the diaphragm being arranged to increase or decrease the size of the annular gap. 20. A separator according to claim 19, wherein the aperture further comprises one or more slots through the inner tube wall extending along the tube wall from the second end to form a conjoined aperture with the annular gap. 21. A separator according to claim 14, wherein the aperture comprises a slot through the tube wall and the diaphragm further comprising a flexible portion arranged to progressively cover and uncover the slot to vary the open size of the aperture as the diaphragm moves. 22. A separator according to claim 14, further comprising a fluid outlet allowing the cleaned fluid stream to exit the separator and a drain arranged to allow liquid contaminants to drain from the separator. 23. A crankcase ventilation system comprising; a gas inlet arranged to receive blow-by gas from a crankcase;a separator according to claim 14, wherein the first chamber is coupled to the gas inlet, anda gas outlet coupled to the second chamber;wherein the gas outlet is arranged to be coupled to an engine air inlet system or to discharge gases to the ambient environment. 24. A separator for separating contaminants from a fluid stream, comprising: a first chamber having a first inlet arranged to receive a first fluid stream including entrained contaminants;a second chamber fluidly coupled to the first chamber through an aperture such that the first fluid stream can pass through the aperture into the second chamber;an actuator arranged to adjust the cross sectional area of the aperture according to a pressure differential between fluid pressure in the first chamber and a pressure reference;an impaction surface in the second chamber located in spaced-apart relation from the aperture in the path of the first fluid stream so as to deflect the first fluid stream after the first fluid stream enters the second chamber such that contaminants are separated from the first fluid stream; anda pump arranged to generate a pressure differential across the aperture to draw the first fluid stream through the aperture;wherein the pump comprises a third chamber having a second inlet for receiving a second fluid stream into the third chamber, the second inlet including a convergent nozzle for accelerating the second fluid stream, and a third inlet for receiving the first fluid stream downstream of the impaction surface, the third inlet being arranged relative to the second inlet such that the second fluid stream can entrain and accelerate the first fluid stream;wherein the actuator comprises a diaphragm separating the first and second chambers from the pressure reference, and wherein the pressure reference comprising a fourth chamber having an air inlet such that the third chamber is at atmospheric pressure;wherein the first chamber is defined by an inner tube arranged to receive the first fluid stream at a first end of the inner tube and the second chamber is defined by an outer tube surrounding the inner tube and surrounding the first chamber, the second end of the outer tube being closed by the diaphragm;wherein the diaphragm is arranged to move along a longitudinal axis of the tubes in response to a change in the pressure differential between the first chamber and the pressure reference; and wherein the outer tube annularly surrounds and is co-axial with the inner tube, the geometric axis of the tubes defining the longitudinal axis. 25. A separator according to claim 15, wherein the pump comprises a jet pump, the jet pump including a jet pump chamber and having a second inlet for receiving a second fluid stream into the jet pump chamber, the second inlet including a convergent nozzle for accelerating the second fluid stream, and a third inlet for receiving the first fluid stream downstream of the impaction surface, the third inlet being arranged relative to the second inlet such that the second fluid stream can entrain and accelerate the first fluid stream.
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