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A universal spherical reaction turbine for any flowing fluid at any depths or elevation that is capable of unidirectional rotation under reversible flow conditions. The turbine includes a rotatable shaft that is adapted to rotate about an axis of rotation; turbine blade support members that are fixe

A universal spherical reaction turbine for any flowing fluid at any depths or elevation that is capable of unidirectional rotation under reversible flow conditions. The turbine includes a rotatable shaft that is adapted to rotate about an axis of rotation; turbine blade support members that are fixedly attached to the rotatable shaft and a plurality of meridian turbine blades. The meridian turbine blades are fixedly attached to diametrically-opposite points that define a geometrical north-south meridian axis that is oriented at a skew angle to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft. The skew angle is greater than zero and less than 180 degrees, and, more preferably, between 25 and 35 degrees. The skewing ensures that those turbine blades that are attached to the diametrically-opposite points move on a helical trajectory with respect to the axis of rotation.

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1. A spherical reaction turbine capable of unidirectional rotation under reversible flow, the turbine comprising: a rotatable shaft, having an axis of rotation;a plurality of meridian turbine blades disposed along respective meridians between diametrically-opposite points that define a geometrical n

1. A spherical reaction turbine capable of unidirectional rotation under reversible flow, the turbine comprising: a rotatable shaft, having an axis of rotation;a plurality of meridian turbine blades disposed along respective meridians between diametrically-opposite points that define a geometrical north-south meridian axis,the geometrical north-south meridian axis being oriented at a skew angle with respect to the axis of rotations of the rotatable shaft; anda support structure fixedly attached to the rotatable shaft and to the plurality of meridian turbine blades, to support said plurality of meridian turbine blades at the skew angle orientation. 2. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 1, wherein the skew angle is greater than zero degrees and less than 180 degrees. 3. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 2, wherein the skew angle is greater than 25 degrees and less than 35 degrees. 4. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 3, wherein the skew angle is about 30 degrees. 5. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades has a delta shape and the skew angle is zero or substantially zero. 6. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades has a rectangular V-shape and the skew angle is zero or substantially zero. 7. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades has a tapering cross section that is smallest proximate the diametrically-opposite points and largest at a point equidistant from each of said two points. 8. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades is a continuous hoop or is a semi-circular hemisphere. 9. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 1, wherein the support structure can include meridian turbine blades. 10. A spherical reaction turbine capable of unidirectional rotation under reversible flow, the turbine comprising: a rotatable shaft, having an axis of rotation;a plurality of meridian turbine blades disposed along respective meridians between diametrically-opposite points that define a geometrical north-south meridian axis,wherein the plurality of meridian turbine blades are structured and arranged so that when the rotatable shaft rotates, some of the meridian turbine blades travel along a helical trajectory with respect to the axis of rotation; anda support structure fixedly attached to the rotatable shaft and to the plurality of meridian turbine blades, to support said plurality of meridian turbine blades at the skew angle orientation. 11. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades is a continuous hoop or a semi-circular hemisphere. 12. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 10, wherein the skew angle is greater than zero degrees and less than 180 degrees. 13. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 12, wherein the skew angle is greater than 25 degrees and less than 35 degrees. 14. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 13, wherein the skew angle is about 30 degrees. 15. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades has a delta shape and the skew angle is zero or substantially zero. 16. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades has a rectangular V-shape and the skew angle is zero or substantially zero. 17. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of meridian turbine blades has a tapering cross section that is smallest proximate the two points and largest at a point equidistant from each of said two points. 18. The spherical reaction turbine as recited in claim 10, wherein travel along the helical trajectory with respect to the axis of rotation is provided by orienting the geometrical north-south meridian axis at a skew angle with respect to the axis of rotations of the rotatable shaft. 19. A spherical reaction turbine capable of unidirectional rotation under reversible flow, the turbine comprising: a rotatable shaft having an axis of rotation;at least one turbine blade support member that is fixedly attached to the rotatable shaft;a first plurality of meridian turbine blades that is fixedly attached to the at least one turbine blade support; anda second plurality of meridian turbine blades that is fixedly attached to the first plurality of meridian turbine blades at two, diametrically-opposite points that define a geometric north-south axis that is oriented about the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft at a skew angle.