A compound has general Formula I, II, III, or IV: where X and Y are independently a group of Formula (A): and Z a group of Formula (B): The compounds may be used in electrolytes and electrochemical devices.
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1. An electrolyte comprising: an alkali metal salt;a polar aprotic solvent; anda redox shuttle;wherein: the redox shuttle comprises an aromatic compound represented by Formula I, II, III, or IV: wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently H, a alkyl group, a phosphate group, or a polyether group;
1. An electrolyte comprising: an alkali metal salt;a polar aprotic solvent; anda redox shuttle;wherein: the redox shuttle comprises an aromatic compound represented by Formula I, II, III, or IV: wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently H, a alkyl group, a phosphate group, or a polyether group; or R1 and R4 are individually an alkyl group, and R2 and R3 are H or F; or R1 and R3 are individually an alkyl group, and R2 and R4 are H or F; or R1 and R2, or R2 and R3; or R3 and R4 join together to form a fused ring on the benzene ring;X and Y are independently a group of Formula (A): Z is a group of Formula (B): R5 and R6 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2 alkyl, a haloalkyl, phosphate, or polyether;R7 and R8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, haloaryl, haloaryloxy, or polyether;R9 is H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, haloaryl, haloaryloxy, or polyether; n is an integer from 0 to 8; andp is 0 or 1;with the proviso that where n is 0, p is 0, and where n is from 1 to 8, p is 0 or 1;andthe electrolyte is substantially non-aqueous. 2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently H, a alkyl group, or a polyether group. 3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently H, or a C1-C4 alkyl group. 4. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1 and R4 are the same and are different from that of R2 and R3. 5. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1 and R3 are the same and are different from that of R2 and R4. 6. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1 and R4 are individually an alkyl group, and R2 and R3 are H. 7. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1 and R4 are individually methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl. 8. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1 and R3 are individually an alkyl group, and R2 and R4 are H. 9. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein R1 and R3 are individually methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl. 10. The electrolyte of claim 1, where the redox shuttle comprises: 11. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the redox shuttle has a redox potential of 4 to 5 V in the electrolyte. 12. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the redox shuttle has two, three or four oxygen atoms. 13. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the redox shuttle in the electrolyte is from 0.0005 wt % to 50 wt %. 14. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal salt comprises a lithium salt. 15. The electrolyte of claim 14, wherein the alkali metal salt comprises Li[(C2O4)2B], Li(C2O4)BF2, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, Li(CF3SO2)3C, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, or a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate. 16. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the polar aprotic solvent comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate; ethyl methyl carbonate; diethyl carbonate; methyl propyl carbonate; ethyl propyl carbonate; dipropyl carbonate; bis(trifluoroethyl)carbonate; bis(pentafluoropropyl)carbonate; trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate; pentafluoroethyl methyl carbonate; heptafluoropropyl methyl carbonate; perfluorobutyl methyl carbonate; trifluoroethyl ethyl carbonate; pentafluoroethyl ethyl carbonate; heptafluoropropyl ethyl carbonate; perfluorobutyl ethyl carbonate; fluorinated oligomers; dimethoxyethane; triglyme; dimethylvinylene carbonate; tetraethyleneglycol; dimethyl ether; polyethylene glycols; sulfones; or γ-butyrolactone. 17. An electrochemical device comprising a cathodean anode; andan electrolyte comprising: an alkali metal salt;a polar aprotic solvent; anda redox shuttle;wherein: the redox shuttle comprises an aromatic compound represented by Formula I, II, III, or IV: wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently H, a alkyl group, a phosphate group, or a polyether group; or R1 and R4 are individually an alkyl group, and R2 and R3 are H or F; or R1 and R3 are individually an alkyl group, and R2 and R4 are H or F; or R1 and R2, or R2 and R3; or R3 and R4 join together to form a fused ring on the benzene ring;X and Y are independently a group of Formula (A): Z is a group of Formula (B): R5 and R6 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2 alkyl, a haloalkyl, phosphate, or polyether;R7 and R8 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, haloaryl, haloaryloxy, or polyether;R9 is H, F, Cl, Br, CN, NO2, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, haloaryl, haloaryloxy, or polyether;n is an integer from 0 to 8; andp is 0 or 1;with the proviso that where n is 0, p is 0, and where n is from 1 to 8, p is 0 or 1; andthe electrolyte is substantially non-aqueous. 18. A compound which is:
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