A method and apparatus comprising a sol-gel solution. Zirconium n-propoxide is aged in a solvent to form a first part for the sol-gel solution. The first part is combined with deionized water to form a second part for the sol-gel solution. Aminoaryltrialkoxysilane is combined with an alcohol to form
A method and apparatus comprising a sol-gel solution. Zirconium n-propoxide is aged in a solvent to form a first part for the sol-gel solution. The first part is combined with deionized water to form a second part for the sol-gel solution. Aminoaryltrialkoxysilane is combined with an alcohol to form a third part for the sol-gel solution. The third part is combined with the second part to form a mixture for the sol-gel solution. The deionized water, or the alcohol, or a combination thereof is combined with the mixture to form a solution. The solution is aged to form the sol-gel solution comprising a mole balance ratio of approximately 1:5 between the zirconium n-propoxide and the aminoaryltrialkoxysilane.
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1. A method comprising: forming a sol-gel solution comprising: aging zirconium n-propoxide in a solvent to form a first part for the sol-gel solution;combining the first part with deionized water to form a second part for the sol-gel solution;combining aminoaryltrialkoxysilane with an alcohol to for
1. A method comprising: forming a sol-gel solution comprising: aging zirconium n-propoxide in a solvent to form a first part for the sol-gel solution;combining the first part with deionized water to form a second part for the sol-gel solution;combining aminoaryltrialkoxysilane with an alcohol to form a third part for the sol-gel solution;combining the third part with the second part to form a mixture for the sol-gel solution;aging the mixture to form the sol-gel solution comprising a mole balance ratio of 1:5 between the zirconium n-propoxide and the aminoaryltrialkoxysilane;applying the sol-gel solution to a metal to form a surface treated metal; andadhering a thermoplastic material to the surface treated metal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein aging the zirconium n-propoxide in the solvent to form the first part comprises swirling the zirconium n-propoxide in the solvent for thirty minutes at room temperature. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein aging the mixture to form the sol-gel solution comprises stirring the mixture for four hours at room temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, n-butanol(1-butanol), sec-butanol(2-butanol), isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol), tert-butanol (2-methoyl-2-propanol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of glacial acetic acid, glycols, glycol ethers, and butyl ester. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sol-gel solution comprises from 0.005% to 8.10% zirconium n-propoxide by mole percentage. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a minimum mole balance ratio between the alcohol and the aminoaryltrialkoxysilane is 18:1 in the sol-gel solution. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a minimum mole balance ratio between the deionized water and the zirconium n-propoxide is 18:1 in the sol-gel solution. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising swirling the zirconium n-propoxide in the solvent prior to aging the zirconium n-proxide in the solvent, and wherein: aging the zirconium n-propoxide in the solvent to form the first part comprises swirling for thirty minutes at room temperature, the solvent comprising glacial acetic acid;aging the mixture to form the sol-gel solution comprises stirring the solution for four hours at room temperature;combining aminoaryltrialkoxysilane with an alcohol to form a third part for the sol-gel solution comprises combining aminoaryltrialkoxysilane with isopropyl alcohol; andaging the mixture to form the sol-gel solution comprising a mole balance ratio of 1:5 between the zirconium n-propoxide and the aminoaryltrialkoxysilane further comprises the sol-gel solution comprising from 0.005% to 8.10% zirconium n-propoxide by mole percentage. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising: oven drying the sol-gel solution on the metal; andassembling the thermoplastic material and the surface treated metal. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: cleaning the metal; andpretreating the metal. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, nickel alloys, stainless steel alloys, and copper alloys. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material is a thermoplastic composite comprising reinforcing fibers in a thermoplastic resin matrix. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material is selected from the group consisting of a polyetherimide, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyimide, a polyetherketoneketone, a polyetheretherketone, an acetal, an acrylic, a vinyl, a cellulosic, a polyamide, a polystyrene, a polysulfone, a polyurethane, a polytetrafluoroethylene, a polyolefin, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polyvinylfluoride, a polyetherimide, a polyphenylsulfone, a polycarbonate, and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, nickel alloys, stainless steel alloys, copper alloys, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of pretreating metal further comprises: processing the metal with a mechanical treatment. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the mechanical treatment is selected from the group consisting of grit blasting, sanding, and combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of pretreating metal further comprises: processing the metal with a chemical treatment. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the chemical treatment is a chemical etch selected from the group consisting of an alkaline chemical etch and an acidic chemical etch. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the chemical treatment is a chemical etch selected from the group consisting of a phosphoric acid anodize etch, a boric acid anodize etch, a sulfuric acid-sodium dichromate anodize etch, a chromic acid anodize etch, a phosphate-fluoride etch, and combinations thereof.
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Blohowiak Kay Y. ; Osborne Joseph H. ; Krienke Kenneth A., Hybrid laminate having improved metal-to-resin adhesion.
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