[특허]Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger

NORTEK AIR SOLUTIONS CANADA, INC.

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특허 상세정보

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내보내기 페이스북 공유 트위터 공유 카카오톡 공유

Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger

특허상세정보
국가/구분	United States(US) Patent 등록
국제특허분류(IPC7판)	F24F-003/147 F28D-015/00 F24F-012/00 B01D-053/22 F24F-003/14 F28D-021/00
출원번호	US-0702596 (2011-06-22)
등록번호	US-9234665 (2016-01-12)
국제출원번호	PCT/IB2011/002145 (2011-06-22)
§371/§102 date	20130415 (20130415)
국제공개번호	WO2011/161547 (2011-12-29)
발명자 / 주소	Erb, Blake Besant, Robert W. Simonson, Carey J. Hemingson, Howard
출원인 / 주소	NORTEK AIR SOLUTIONS CANADA, INC.
대리인 / 주소	Butscher, Joseph M.
인용정보	피인용 횟수 : 4 인용 특허 : 89

초록
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An energy exchanger is provided. The exchanger includes a housing having a front and a back. A plurality of panels forming desiccant channels extend from the front to the back of the housing. Air channels are formed between adjacent panels. The air channels are configured to direct an air stream in a direction from the front of the housing to the back of the housing. A desiccant inlet is provided in flow communication with the desiccant channels. A desiccant outlet is provided in flow communication with the desiccant channels. The desiccant channels are ...

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1. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing constructed to meet a predetermined exchanger aspect ratio;a plurality of panels extending through the housing, the panels having a semi-permeable membrane forming an energy exchange area of the panel, the panels forming desiccant channels and air channels that are separated by the semi-permeable membranes to facilitate contact between an air stream flowing through the air channels and desiccant flowing through the desiccant channels within the energy exchange areas of the panels, the energy exchange area of each panel having a top and a bottom, a height of the energy exchange area defined between the top and the bottom, the energy exchange area of each panel having a front and a back, a length of the energy exchange area defined between the front and the back, the exchanger aspect ratio being defined by the height of the energy exchange area of each panel divided by the length of the energy exchange area of each panel;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels; anda desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel the desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet in at least one of a counter-flow or cross-flow direction with respect to the direction of the air stream to facilitate heat and water vapor transfer through the semi-permeable membranes, the exchanger aspect ratio selected to provide at least one of a predetermined membrane area, a predetermined length, or a predetermined duration of exposure of the air stream to the desiccant. 2. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the exchanger aspect ratio is within a range of 0.5 to 2. 3. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the desiccant inlet is offset from the desiccant outlet along the direction of the air stream. 4. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the desiccant flows through the desiccant channels along a non-linear flow path between the inlet and outlet. 5. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the desiccant flows through the desiccant channels along a flow path, the flow path having a cross-flow segment and a counter-flow segment, the cross-flow segment extending in a flow direction substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the air stream, the counter-flow segment extending in a direction approximately 180° from the flow direction of the air stream. 6. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the desiccant flows along a flow path in a flow direction that is at least partially counter-flow with respect to the flow direction of the air stream. 7. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein a flow rate of the desiccant with respect to a flow rate of the air stream is controlled to achieve predetermined exchanger performance ratios that at least partially define a sensible and latent energy exchange between the desiccant and the air stream. 8. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the semi-permeable membrane is selected based on at least one of a water vapor transfer resistance ratio, a liquid break through pressure ratio, or an elastic tensile yield limit ratio of the membrane. 9. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the plurality of panels include support structures to limit deformation of the panel membrane. 10. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein a characteristic Reynolds number for the air stream through the air channels is greater than a critical Reynolds number for turbulent flow in the air channels. 11. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the air channels include turbulence enhancing surface roughness features to facilitate increasing energy transfer that exceeds an additional air pressure drop energy loss when convective heat and latent energy transfer increase. 12. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein a characteristic Rayleigh number for desiccant flow in the desiccant channels is less than a critical Rayleigh number for thermally induced liquid density instability causing non-uniform mal-distributed flow at a Reynolds number for desiccant flow. 13. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein desiccant channels include turbulence enhancing surface roughness features when a Rayleigh number is less than a critical Rayleigh number at a Reynolds number for the flow. 14. The energy exchanger of claim 1, wherein a thermal insulation surrounding the panels is such that a heat exchange rate between the panels is less than 5% of a heat rate between supply and exhaust air flow streams during a standard summer or winter test with AHRI 1060 air inlet operating conditions. 15. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing;a plurality of panels forming desiccant channels air channels separated by at least one semi-permeable membrane, the air channels configured to direct an air stream through the housing, the plurality of panels spaced apart based on predetermined air to desiccant mass flow rates that define an air channel width and a desiccant channel width;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels; anda desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet in at least one of a counter-flow or cross-flow direction with respect to the direction of the air stream to facilitate heat and water vapor transfer between the desiccant in the desiccant channels and the air stream in the air channels, the air to desiccant mass flow rates selected to provide a predetermined mass or volume of air stream flowing through the air channels or a predetermined mass or volume of desiccant flowing through the desiccant channels. 16. The energy exchanger of claim 15, wherein the desiccant channels have an approximately constant desiccant channel width through the housing and the air channels have an approximately constant air channel width through the housing. 17. The energy exchanger of claim 15, wherein a ratio of the average air channel width divided by the average desiccant channel width is within a range of 1 to 5. 18. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing;a plurality of panels forming desiccant channels and air channels extending through the housing, the air channels configured to direct an air stream through the housing;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels;a desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet in at least one of a counter-flow or cross-flow direction with respect to the direction of the air stream; anda semi-permeable membrane extending through each panel to facilitate heat and water vapor transfer between the desiccant in the desiccant channels and the air stream in the air channels, the air stream and the desiccant causing the semi-permeable membrane to deflect during operation, the desiccant membrane selected based on predetermined channel deflection ranges that are defined to limit the amount of membrane deflection. 19. The energy exchanger of claim 18, wherein a standard deviation of a hydraulic diameter of at least one of the air channels and desiccant channels divided by a mean value of a hydraulic diameter for one of the air channels or desiccant channels is within a range 0.0 to 0.2. 20. The energy exchanger of claim 18 further comprising: an air channel support screen having a solid area that is a fraction of a total area of the air channel support screen; anda desiccant channel support screen having a solid area that is a fraction of a total area of the desiccant channel support screen. 21. The energy exchanger of claim 18 further comprising an air channel support screen, a distance between the air channel support screens in the flow direction of the air stream divided by a distance between the air channel support screens normal to flow direction of the air steam is within a range of 0.01 to 5.0. 22. The energy exchanger of claim 18, wherein an angle between a normal vector to a plane of each air channel and desiccant channel and an acceleration of gravity vector is within a range of 45° to 135°. 23. The energy exchanger of claim 18, wherein an angle between a vector parallel to a length of each panel and a vector direction of gravitational acceleration is within a range of 60° to 120°. 24. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing;a plurality of panels forming desiccant channels separated from air channels by at least one semi-permeable membrane, the air channels configured to direct an air stream through the housing;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels;a desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet in at least one of a counter-flow or cross-flow direction with respect to the direction of the air stream to facilitate heat and water vapor transfer between the desiccant in the desiccant channels and the air stream in the air channels, wherein the desiccant is selected based on predetermined salt solution concentration ranges for a selected life span and cost of the desiccant. 25. The energy exchanger of claim 24, wherein the time duration for a risk of crystallization in the desiccant flow channels over a year divided by a total yearly time of energy exchanger operation is less than 0.15. 26. The energy exchanger of claim 24, wherein the cost of the desiccant divided by the cost of a lithium chloride solution is less than 1. 27. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing;a plurality of panels forming desiccant channels extending through the housing, each of the plurality of panels having a semi-permeable membrane that is selected to meet predetermined membrane resistance ranges defining physical properties of the membrane;air channels formed between the desiccant channels, the air channels configured to direct an air stream through the housing;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels; anda desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet so that the semi-permeable membranes facilitate heat and water vapor exchange between the desiccant and the air stream, the membrane resistance ranges selected to reduce flow of the desiccant through the semi-permeable membrane. 28. The energy exchanger of claim 27, wherein the semi-permeable membrane has a water vapor diffusion resistance and the air stream in the air channel has a convective water vapor mass transfer resistance, a ratio of the membrane water vapor transfer resistance divided by the convective water vapor mass transfer resistance of the membrane is within a range of 0.2 to 3. 29. The energy exchanger of claim 27, wherein the semi-permeable membrane has a membrane liquid break-through pressure defined as the pressure required for desiccant to flow through the membrane, a ratio of the membrane liquid break-through pressure divided by (rho*g*H), wherein rho is the density of the desiccant, g is gravity and H is a height of the membrane, is greater than 20. 30. The energy exchanger of claim 27, wherein the membrane has an edge seal liquid break-through pressure defined as the pressure required for desiccant to flow through an edge seal of the membrane, a ratio of the edge seal liquid break-through pressure divided by (rho*g*H), wherein rho is the density of the desiccant g is gravity and H is a height of the membrane, is greater than 20. 31. The energy exchanger of claim 27, wherein the membrane includes a screen having wires, the wires having a spacing (sws), the desiccant having an operating pressure (pl,op), and the membrane having a tensile yield limit (Tm,yl), a ratio of Tm,yl/(pl,op*sw,s) is less than 1.5. 32. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing;a plurality of panels forming desiccant channels extending through the housing, the plurality of panels each having a semi-permeable membrane;air channels formed between the desiccant channels, the air channels configured to direct an air stream through the housing, the air stream flowing through the air channels at a predetermined air flow;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels; anda desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet so that the semi-permeable membranes facilitate heat and water vapor exchange between the desiccant and air streams, the air flow of the air stream selected to meet a predetermined exposure of the air stream to the semi-permeable membranes. 33. The energy exchanger of claim 32, wherein an air flow pressure drop ratio is defined as (phAc/Vc), wherein ph is a pressure drop of the air stream across the energy exchanger, Ac is an area of an air channel, and Vc is a volume of the air channel, wherein the air flow pressure drop ratio is between 1×103 and 1×104. 34. An energy exchanger comprising: a housing;a plurality of panels forming desiccant channels extending through the housing;air channels formed between adjacent desiccant channels, the air channels configured to direct an air stream through the housing;a desiccant inlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels; anda desiccant outlet in flow communication with the desiccant channels, the desiccant channels configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet so that the semi-permeable membranes facilitate heat exchange between the desiccant and the air stream,wherein the energy exchanger operates within predetermined exchanger performance ratios that define a thermal and latent energy exchange between the desiccant and the air stream. 35. The energy exchanger of claim 34, wherein an exchanger number of transfer units with the energy exchanger is within a range of 1 to 15. 36. The energy exchanger of claim 34, wherein an exchanger thermal capacity rate ratio within the exchanger is within a range of 1 to 10. 37. A method of exchanging energy between a desiccant and an air stream, the method comprising: extending a plurality of panels through a housing of the energy exchanger to form desiccant channels and air channels;selecting a semi-permeable membrane for each of the panels;directing an air stream at a predetermined air mass flow ratio through the air channels; anddirecting desiccant through the desiccant channels,wherein the semi-permeable membrane is selected based on membrane resistance ranges defined to limit a flow of the desiccant through the desiccant membrane, the air flow ratio of the air stream is selected to meet a predetermined exposure of the air stream to the desiccant membrane, and a flow rate of the desiccant with respect to a flow rate of the air stream is controlled to achieve predetermined exchanger performance ratios that define a thermal energy exchange between the desiccant and the air stream. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein an exchanger thermal capacity rate ratio of the energy exchanger is within a range of 1 to 10. 39. The method of claim 37 wherein an exchanger number of transfer units with the energy exchanger is within a range of 1 to 15. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the membrane has a water vapor diffusion resistance and a convective water vapor mass transfer resistance in the air channel, a ratio of the membrane water vapor diffusion resistance divided by the convective water vapor mass transfer resistance of the membrane is within a range of 0.2 to 3. 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the membrane has a membrane liquid break-through pressure defined as the pressure required for desiccant to flow through the membrane, a ratio of the membrane liquid break-through pressure divided by (rho*g*H), wherein rho is the density of the desiccant, g is gravity and H is a height of the membrane, is greater than 20. 42. The method of claim 37, wherein the membrane has an edge seal liquid break-through pressure defined as the pressure required for desiccant to flow through an edge seal of the membrane, a ratio of the edge seal liquid break-through pressure divided by (rho*g*H), wherein rho is the density of the desiccant, g is gravity and H is a height of the membrane, is greater than 20. 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the membrane includes a screen having wires, the wires having a spacing (sws), the desiccant having an operating pressure (pl,op), and the membrane having a tensile yield limit (Tm,yl), a ratio of Tm,yl/(pl,op*sws) is less than 1.5. 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the air flow resistance ratio is defined as (phAc/Vc), wherein ph is a pressure drop of the air stream across the energy exchanger, Ac is an area of an air channel, and Vc is a volume of the air channel, wherein the air flow resistance ratio is between 103 and 104. 45. The method of claim 37 further comprising controlling the mass flow rate of the desiccant with respect to the mass flow rate of the air stream based on a temperature and humidity ratio of the air stream. 46. The method of claim 37 further comprising controlling the mass flow rate of the desiccant so that the thermal capacity rate ratio of the desiccant is no more than 5 times the thermal capacity rate ratio of the air stream. 47. A method of exchanging energy between a desiccant and an air stream, the method comprising: extending a plurality of panels through a housing of the energy exchanger;spacing the plurality of panels based on predetermined air to desiccant channel rates to form desiccant channels and air channels between adjacent panels, the predetermined air to desiccant channel rates defining an air channel width and a desiccant channel width;selecting a semi-permeable membrane to extend through the panels based on predetermined channel deflection ranges that are defined to limit an amount of membrane deflection;directing an air stream through the air channels; anddirecting desiccant flow through the desiccant channels in at least one of a counter-flow or cross-flow direction with respect to the direction of the air stream so that the membrane facilitates heat and water vapor exchange between the desiccant in the desiccant channels and the air stream in the air channels, the predetermined air to desiccant channel rates providing a predetermined volume rate of air stream flowing through the air channels and a predetermined volume rate of desiccant flowing through the desiccant channels. 48. The method of claim 47 further comprising: providing a desiccant inlet in fluid communication with the desiccant channels;providing a desiccant outlet in fluid communication with the desiccant channels; andoffsetting the desiccant inlet from the desiccant outlet along a direction of the air stream. 49. The method of claim 47 further comprising directing the desiccant along a flow path having a cross segment and a counter segment, the cross segment extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction of the air stream, the counter segment extending in a direction substantially parallel to a direction of the air stream. 50. The method of claim 47 further comprising directing the desiccant along a flow path in a direction upstream with respect to a direction of the air stream. 51. The method of claim 47 further comprising controlling a flow rate of the desiccant with respect to a flow rate of the air stream to achieve predetermined exchanger performance ratios that define a thermal energy exchange between the desiccant and the air stream.

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Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger

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