A liner system and method of thermoforming. A helmet has an energy absorbing inner system positioned inside the shell. The liner has thermoformed interconnected energy absorbing modules. At least some of the modules in the layer have a basal portion with upper and lower sections when viewed in relat
A liner system and method of thermoforming. A helmet has an energy absorbing inner system positioned inside the shell. The liner has thermoformed interconnected energy absorbing modules. At least some of the modules in the layer have a basal portion with upper and lower sections when viewed in relation to the wearer's head. The upper section has one or more energy absorbing units. At least some of the units are provided with a wall with a domed cap that faces the outer shell. The units at least partially cushion the blow by absorbing energy imparted by an object that impacts the outer shell. The lower comfort section has a tiered arrangement of layers. The layers are relatively compliant and thus provide a comfortable yet firm fit of the helmet upon the wearer.
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1. An energy absorbing liner system positioned between an incident surface that meets an impacting object and a mass to be at least partially protected, the liner system including a plurality of energy absorbing modules that are detachably attached to the incident surface, each module being intercon
1. An energy absorbing liner system positioned between an incident surface that meets an impacting object and a mass to be at least partially protected, the liner system including a plurality of energy absorbing modules that are detachably attached to the incident surface, each module being interconnected with one or more neighboring modules by one or more living hinges, the modules affording mutual support and providing predictable placement in relation to the incident surface, at least some of the modules havingan upper section with an upper basal layerone or more frustoconical energy absorbing units that alone provide energy absorption between the incident surface and a lower section, the energy absorbing units extending from the upper basal layer towards the incident surface, at least some of which units being provided witha wall that slopes inwardly from the upper basal layer towards the incident surface andan imperforate cap that extends across the wall proximate the incident surface;the lower section at least partially interfacing with the upper section, the lower section having a lower basal layer that at least partially interfaces with the upper basal layer,a tiered arrangement of layers extending from the lower basal layer, the arrangement including a radially outermost layer that cooperates with and lies inside a perimeter of the lower section,one or more radially intermediate layers extending from and within the outermost layer anda radially innermost layer that extends from and within an intermediate layer and lies adjacent to the mass to be protected,the layers in the tiered arrangement being relatively compliant and providing a comfortable yet firm fit of the liner system in relation to the mass to be protected. 2. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the incident surface that meets the impacting object is a helmet. 3. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the upper layer, the lower layer or both are made by thermoforming and are joined by uniting at least a part of the upper and lower basal layers. 4. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the cap is domed. 5. The liner system of claim 1, further including one or more ribs that extend between at least some of the energy absorbing units. 6. The liner system of claim 1, wherein an innermost layer of the lower section defines an aperture. 7. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the liner system is configured to protect the head of a wearer, the system further including a dome module that lies atop the crown of the head of the wearer. 8. The liner system of claim 7, further including at least one satellite module grouping that connects with and extends from the dome module. 9. The liner system of claim 8, wherein the at least one of the satellite module grouping comprises one or more modules that are adjoined to each other and to the dome module. 10. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the number of intermediate layers equals one. 11. The liner system of claim 1, further including attachment holes defined in upper and lower basal layers for attaching the liner system to the incident surface that meets the impacting object. 12. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the tiered arrangement of layers in the lower section includes comfort clusters, at least some of the clusters each having: an outer stepped region;a floor upon which the outer stepped region terminates; andan inner region that extends from the floor. 13. The liner system of claim 1, wherein some of the modules include a pair of side clusters that are configured to at least partially cover the ears of a wearer;one or more back clusters that are configured to at least partially cover the back of a wearer's head; andone or more front clusters that are configured to at least partially cover a wearer's forehead. 14. The liner system of claim 1 wherein each frustoconical wall has a lower perimeter that lies proximate the incident surface and a basal perimeter where the wall meets the upper basal layer, each lower perimeter being shorter than the associated upper perimeter. 15. The liner system of claim 1 wherein the wall and the upper basal layer define a perimeter where they intersect, the perimeter defining a shape that is selected from the group consisting of a circle, an oval, an ellipse, an oblate oblong, a polygon, a quadrilateral with rounded edges and combinations thereof. 16. The liner system of claim 4 wherein the wall has an upper edge that meets the incident surface, the upper edge defining a perimeter where they intersect, the perimeter defining a shape that is selected from the group consisting of a circle, an oval, an ellipse, an oblate oblong, a polygon, a quadrilateral with rounded edges and combinations thereof. 17. The liner system of claim 13, further including interstitial clusters that lie between at least some of the side, front and back clusters. 18. The liner system of claim 1, further including one or more attachment holes that are provided in one or more of the lower and upper sections that offer a way to adhere the liner system to the helmet. 19. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the liner system is attached to a helmet shell by means for attaching, including but not limited to, rivets, coined snaps, add-on fasteners, tape, Velcro®, hook and loop materials of adhesive, and glue. 20. The liner system of claim 1, wherein the lower section is at least partially inflated primarily for fit. 21. The liner system of claim 1, further including one or more drainage locations in one or more energy absorbing modules.
Audi, Richard Francois; Brooks, Ryan Johnson; Cormier, Joel Matthew; Smith, Donald Scott; Rossi, Michael Anthony, Modular energy absorber with ribbed wall structure.
Greenwald, Richard M.; Chu, Jeffrey J.; Bertoni, David W.; Ide, Thad M., System and method for evaluating and providing treatment to sports participants.
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