초록 ▼

A plant for the treatment of materials, in particular waste materials and refuse, comprises a combustion reactor to which the material to be treated can be supplied. The combustion reactor has an input for a combustion supporter comprising oxygen and an output for the gases that are produced during

A plant for the treatment of materials, in particular waste materials and refuse, comprises a combustion reactor to which the material to be treated can be supplied. The combustion reactor has an input for a combustion supporter comprising oxygen and an output for the gases that are produced during the combustion of the materials inside the reactor and, in use, is substantially isothermic or quasi-isothermic at high or very high temperature, and without substantial oxygen deficit, in all of its parts. A portion of the combustion gases is recirculated and mixed with the combustion supporter to bring about a high degree of opacification thereof, which is increased by increasing the total pressure of the combustion chamber. The substances which cannot be gasified inside the reactor are immediately fused. The parameters of the gases at the output from the reactor are constantly measured by sensors with response-time characteristics of about 2 seconds.

대표청구항 ▼

1. Method for the treatment of materials, in particular waste materials and refuse, comprising: supplying the material to be treated and a combustion supporter to an oxidation chamber or a combustion reactor, wherein the combustion supporter consists essentially of oxygen and recycled gases; anddisc

1. Method for the treatment of materials, in particular waste materials and refuse, comprising: supplying the material to be treated and a combustion supporter to an oxidation chamber or a combustion reactor, wherein the combustion supporter consists essentially of oxygen and recycled gases; anddischarging gases produced during the oxidation or combustion of the material from the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor,wherein the material to be treated and the products resulting from the oxidation or combustion are subjected to conditions of isothermy or quasi-isothermy at high or very high temperature, without oxygen deficit, in any part of the chamber or reactor, such that cold zones are eliminated,wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a pressure from greater than atmospheric pressure to 600 kPa and includes a single combustion chamber,wherein water is injected into the recycled gases to raise the concentration of water in the recycled gases to higher than 30% by volume,wherein at the mouth of the reactor the produced combustion fumes show a TOC content less than 1 ppm and an ash content lower than 10 mg/Nm3,wherein an incombustible slag produced inside the reactor is collected on a base of the reactor,wherein the reactor base is inclined towards an output duct,wherein the slag is maintained as a liquid by heating the output duct,wherein the slag is delivered to a collecting tank,wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a temperature of 1300K to 2130K, wherein the gases output from the reactor are mixed with a portion of the gas output from a boiler, and wherein the portion of the gas output from the boiler which is not mixed with the gases output from the reactor is mixed with the oxygen supplied at the input of the reactor and producing a combustion-supporting mixture which is opaque to infra-red. 2. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, further comprising the supply of a combustion supporter comprising oxygen mixed with gases resulting from the combustion, with water, or with a combination of gases and water, to bring about opacification of the combustion supporter and to ensure almost instantaneous heating of the combustion supporter that is supplied into the reactor. 3. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 2, wherein the recycled gases resulting from combustion are supplied at flow-rate and/or temperature so as to minimize the overall volume of gas in the reactor for a gas residence time in the reactor and to ensure the removal of a reaction heat from the reactor. 4. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 2, wherein the mixing of the oxygen with the recycled combustion gases takes place with a concentration of more than 10% by volume and preferably more than 60% by volume. 5. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 2, wherein the recycled gases which ensure the thermal balance of a plant that is operated continuously by removing the excess reaction heat owing to an appreciable enthalpy difference between the input and the output of the reactor are recycled at a minimum temperature that is compatible with normal cooling means. 6. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 2, wherein the recycled gases which ensure the thermal balance are constituted wholly or partially by steam. 7. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, wherein, in the reactor, the high rate of heating of the combustible material reduces to negligible value a fraction of dust that is entrained out of the reactor with the burnt gases. 8. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, wherein the fused slag is cooled and solidified into beads so as to ensure that toxic heavy metals contained in the incombustible slag are rendered completely inert. 9. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, further comprising a MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) control and optimization procedure which is focused on the parameters at the output of the reactor and in particular on measurement of gas composition at the output of the reactor. 10. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 9, wherein the measurements of the gas composition are implemented with characteristic response times of about 2 seconds. 11. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 5, wherein the minimum temperature is above the dew point of the recycled gases. 12. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, wherein oxygen is substituted with technical oxygen. 13. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, wherein the solid fuel is introduced into the combustor reactor by using recycled gas under pressure withdrawn from the output line of the reactor. 14. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a temperature of 1773K to 2130K. 15. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 1, wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a temperature of 1900K to 2130K. 16. An apparatus for the treatment of materials operating in accordance with the method according to claim 1. 17. An apparatus for the treatment of materials, in particular waste materials and refuse, comprising: an oxidation chamber or a combustion reactor to which the material to be treated can be supplied comprising:an input for a combustion supporter consisting essentially of oxygen and recycled gases; andan output for the gases produced during the oxidation or combustion of the above-mentioned material inside the chamber or reactor,wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is isothermic or quasi-isothermic operated at a temperature of 1300 K to 2130 K, without oxygen deficit, in all of its parts, such that cold zones are eliminated,wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a pressure from greater than atmospheric pressure to 600 kPa,wherein water is injected into the recycled gases to raise the concentration of water in the recycled gases to higher than 30% by volume,wherein at the mouth of the reactor the produced combustion fumes show a TOC content less than 1 ppm and an ash content lower than 10 mq/Nm3,wherein the gases output from the reactor are mixed with a portion of the gas output from a boiler, and wherein the portion of the gas output from the boiler which is not mixed with the gases output from the reactor is mixed with the oxygen supplied at the input of the reactor and producing a combustion-supporting mixture which is opaque to infra-red. 18. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 17, wherein the walls of the reactor comprise a ceramic lining material which participates in the isothermy or quasi-isothermy of the reactor. 19. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 17, further comprising a plurality of feeders for supplying materials to the reactor, selected from solid materials in pieces, granular materials, liquid or sludgy materials, and/or gaseous materials. 20. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 19, further comprising at least one propulsion chamber for the pressurized and discontinuous supply of solid materials in pieces into the reactor, said propulsion chamber comprising a duct for the supply of gas under pressure, withdrawn from the output line. 21. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 17, wherein the reactor comprises a base portion communicating with and inclined towards a heated duct for collecting fluid slag. 22. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 21, wherein the collecting duct communicates with a container for collecting the fluid slag which is cooled rapidly in a water bath with the formation of solid beads so as to form a dilute water slurry. 23. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 21, wherein the collecting duct comprises heating means for keeping the slag fluid. 24. An apparatus for the treatment of materials according to claim 17, further comprising sensor means for measuring output parameters of the reactor, a control and management system receiving the signals of the sensor means in order substantially to improve the number of effective predictions for intervention in the operating conditions of the plant and to control fluctuations due to the non-homogeneity of the materials that are supplied into the reactor. 25. Method for the treatment of materials according to claim 17, wherein oxygen is substituted with technical oxygen. 26. Method for the treatment of materials, in particular waste materials and refuse, comprising: supplying the material to be treated and a combustion supporter to an oxidation chamber or a combustion reactor, wherein the combustion supporter consists essentially of oxygen and water; anddischarging gases produced during the oxidation or combustion of the material from the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor,wherein the material to be treated and the products resulting from the oxidation or combustion are subjected to conditions of isothermy or quasi-isothermy operated at a temperature of 1300 K to 2130 K, without oxygen deficit, in any part of the chamber or reactor, such that cold zones are eliminated,wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a pressure from greater than atmospheric pressure to 600 kPa and includes a single combustion chamber,wherein at the mouth of the reactor the produced combustion fumes show a TOC content less than 1 ppm and an ash content lower than 10 mg/Nm3,wherein an incombustible slag produced inside the reactor is collected on a base of the reactor,wherein the reactor base is inclined towards an output duct,wherein the slag is maintained as a liquid by heating the output duct,wherein the slag is delivered to a collecting tank,wherein the oxidation chamber or combustion reactor is operated at a temperature of 1300K to 2130K, wherein the gases output from the reactor are mixed with a portion of the gas output from a boiler, and wherein the portion of the gas output from the boiler which is not mixed with the gases output from the reactor is mixed with the oxygen supplied at the input of the reactor and producing a combustion-supporting mixture which is opaque to infra-red.