The invention provides a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132a); a second component selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroethane (R-116), ethane (R-170) and mixtures thereof; and, optionally carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744).
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1. A composition comprising: (i) from about 10 to about 99% by weight of 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132a);(ii) a second component, comprising from about 1 to about 90% by weight hexafluoroethane (R-116) and optionally ethane (R-170); and, optionally(iii) carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744). 2. A composition acc
1. A composition comprising: (i) from about 10 to about 99% by weight of 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132a);(ii) a second component, comprising from about 1 to about 90% by weight hexafluoroethane (R-116) and optionally ethane (R-170); and, optionally(iii) carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744). 2. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising from about 14 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 86% by weight of R-116;comprising from about 35 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 65% by weight of R-116; andcomprising up to about 30% by weight of R-1132a and at least about 70% by weight of R-116. 3. A composition according to claim 2 further comprising CO2. 4. A composition according to claim 3 wherein the CO2 is present in an amount selected from the group consisting of from about 6 to about 40% by weight; and up to about 15% by weight. 5. A composition according to claim 4 comprising up to about 35% by weight of R-1132a, at least about 55% by weight of R-116 and up to about 13% by weight CO2. 6. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is azeotropic or near-azeotropic. 7. A composition according to claim 6 comprising from about 45 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a and from about 40 to about 55% by weight of R-116. 8. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising R-1132a, R-116 and up to about 70% by weight CO2;comprising from about 10 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a, from about 2 to about 90% by weight of R-116 and from about 2 to about 60% by weight CO2; andcomprising from about 10 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 90% by weight of R-116 and from about 4 to about 50% by weight CO2. 9. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising from about 1 to about 80% by weight of ethane and from about 20 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a;comprising from about 1 to about 50% by weight of ethane and from about 50 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a; andcomprising from about 1 to about 25% by weight of ethane and from about 75 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a. 10. A composition according to claim 9 wherein the composition is azeotropic or near-azeotropic. 11. A composition according to claim 10 comprising from about 40 to about 60% by weight of ethane and from about 40 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a. 12. A composition according to claim 9 further comprising CO2. 13. A composition according to claim 12 wherein the CO2 is present in an amount of from about 6 to about 40% by weight. 14. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising R-1132a, ethane and up to about 70% by weight CO2;comprising from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a, from about 2 to about 98% by weight of ethane and from about 2 to about 60% by weight CO2; andcomprising from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight of ethane and from about 4 to about 50% by weight CO2. 15. A composition according to claim 1 comprising R-1132a, R-116 and ethane. 16. A composition according to claim 15, selected from the group of compositions: comprising from about 10 to about 70% by weight R-1132a, from about 4 to about 86% by weight R-116 and from about 4 to about 86% by weight ethane; andcomprising from about 10 to about 70% by weight R-1132a, from about 4 to about 82% by weight R-116 and from about 8 to about 86% by weight ethane. 17. A composition according to claim 15 further comprising CO2. 18. A composition according to claim 17, selected from the group of compositions: wherein the sum of ethane and CO2 present is less than 50% by weight of the composition;wherein the composition contains at least as much CO2 as ethane;wherein the composition contains at least twice as much CO2 as ethane;comprising from about 2 to about 20% by weight ethane, from about 2 to about 45% by weight CO2, from about 15 to about 85% by weight R-1132a and from about 5 to about 80% by weight R-116; andcomprising from about 4 to about 12% by weight ethane, from about 4 to about 40% by weight CO2, from about 20 to about 80% by weight R-1132a and from about 8 to about 76% by weight R-116. 19. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising pentafluoroethane (R-125). 20. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising a hydrocarbon, wherein the hydrocarbon is in addition to any ethane present in the composition. 21. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: consisting essentially of R-1132a and the second component; andconsisting essentially of R-1132a, the second component and CO2. 22. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is less flammable than R-1132a alone. 23. A composition according to claim 22 wherein the composition has: (a) a higher flammable limit;(b) a higher ignition energy; and/or(c) a lower flame velocitycompared to R-1132a alone. 24. A composition according to claim 1 which is non-flammable. 25. A composition according to claim 24 wherein the composition is non-flammable at ambient temperature, said ambient temperature including at least 60° C. 26. A composition according to claim 1 which has a temperature glide in an evaporator or condenser of less than about 10 K. 27. A composition according to claim 1 which has a critical temperature of greater than about 0° C. 28. A composition according to claim 1 whose volumetric refrigeration capacity is at least 90% of that of R-508B at comparable cycle conditions. 29. A composition according to claim 1 whose compressor discharge temperature is within 15 K of that of R-508B at comparable cycle conditions. 30. A composition comprising a lubricant and a composition according to claim 1. 31. A composition according to claim 30, wherein the lubricant is selected from mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof, preferably wherein the lubricant is selected from PAGs or POEs. 32. A composition comprising a stabiliser and a composition according to claim 1. 33. A composition according to claim 32, wherein the stabiliser is selected from diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds and epoxides, and any mixtures thereof. 34. A composition comprising a flame retardant and a composition according to claim 1. 35. A composition according to claim 34, wherein the flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl) phosphate, tri-(2,3-di bromopropyl)-phosphate, tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminium trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof. 36. A heat transfer device containing a composition as defined in claim 1. 37. A heat transfer device according to claim 36 wherein the heat transfer device comprises a component selected from a group consisting of one or more of: a refrigeration device;an ultra-low temperature refrigeration system; anda cascade system. 38. A sprayable composition comprising material to be sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition as defined in claim 1. 39. A method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition defined in claim 1 and thereafter evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled. 40. A method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition as defined in claim 1 in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating the composition. 41. A method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising contacting biomass with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the substance from the solvent. 42. A method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the article with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1. 43. A method of extracting a material from an aqueous solution or from a particulate solid matrix comprising contacting the aqueous solution or the particulate solid matrix with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the material from the solvent. 44. A mechanical power generation device containing a composition as defined in claim 1. 45. A mechanical power generating device according to claim 44 which is adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from heat. 46. A method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the step of removing an existing heat transfer composition, and introducing a composition as defined in claim 1. 47. A method of claim 46 wherein the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device. 48. A method of claim 46 carried out on a product from the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration, heat transfer, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics, flame suppression, solvents, cleaners, topical anesthetics, and expansion applications. 49. A method for reducing the environmental impact arising from the operation of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the existing compound or composition with a composition as defined in claim 1. 50. A method according to claim 49 wherein the product is selected from a heat transfer device, a sprayable composition, a solvent or a mechanical power generation device, preferably a heat transfer device. 51. A method according to claim 50 wherein the product is a heat transfer device. 52. A method according to claim 49 wherein the existing compound or composition is a heat transfer composition. 53. A method according to claim 52, wherein the heat transfer composition is a refrigerant selected from R-508A, R-508B, R-23 and R-1361. 54. A method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the composition as defined in claim 1 has a lower GWP than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step. 55. A method of claim 54 wherein the use of the composition of the invention results in a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than is attained by use of the existing compound or composition.
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